來(lái)自中科院遺傳與發(fā)育生物學(xué)研究所,,美國(guó)伊利諾斯大學(xué)的研究人員通過對(duì)魚類III型抗凍蛋白起源的研究,,獲得了基因新功能化機(jī)制研究的新進(jìn)展,這一研究成果公布在《美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)院院刊》(PNAS)雜志上。
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這一研究的是中科院遺傳與發(fā)育生物學(xué)研究所陳良標(biāo)研究員,陳良標(biāo)研究員早年畢業(yè)于杭州大學(xué)生物系,曾在美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院從事博士后研究工作,,2004年入選中科院"百人計(jì)劃", 2006年獲國(guó)家杰出青年基金。
眾所周知,,基因加倍是新基因產(chǎn)生的主要原因,。然而,為什么大多數(shù)加倍后的基因在進(jìn)化過程中消失,,而只有少數(shù)加倍后的拷貝被保留了下來(lái)并形成新的功能呢,?進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家們?cè)岢隽藘蓚€(gè)模型試圖解釋新功能的起源,一是Mutation During Non-functionality (MDN)模型,,認(rèn)為新功能是在原本沒有該項(xiàng)功能的基因通過加倍逐漸累積突變而來(lái)的,;另一個(gè)模型叫Escape from Adaptive Conflict (EAC),認(rèn)為新功能起源于某些原本具有雙功能的基因,,在新的環(huán)境壓力下雙功能中原本無(wú)足輕重的一個(gè)功能受到自然選擇得到強(qiáng)化,,但這種強(qiáng)化導(dǎo)致對(duì)老功能的弱化因而產(chǎn)生適應(yīng)性沖突。
基因倍增解除了這種沖突,,并為各拷貝對(duì)新,、老功能分別進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化鋪平了道路。由于很多蛋白具有主要功能以外的副功能,,EAC被認(rèn)為是基因新功能化的一個(gè)普遍的機(jī)制,,但是迄今為止還沒有完備的例子證實(shí)EAC模型的適用性。
在這篇文章中,,研究人員通過對(duì)魚類III型抗凍蛋白起源的研究,,闡明了原本存在于唾液酸合成酶(SAS)C-末端的微弱的冰晶結(jié)合能力,,是如何通過SAS基因倍增及N-端結(jié)構(gòu)域的刪除而消除了SAS基因內(nèi)部唾液酸合成功能和冰晶結(jié)合功能之間的沖突,,并在幾千萬(wàn)年前海洋冰凍環(huán)境的選擇壓力下進(jìn)化出具有降低體液冰點(diǎn)功能的III型抗凍蛋白。
本項(xiàng)研究第一次用完整的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)表明了EAC是新功能起源的重要機(jī)制,。EAC機(jī)制的確立對(duì)解釋新基因的起源過程和原始驅(qū)動(dòng)力,,以及深刻了解基因組的進(jìn)化具有重要的意義,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.1007883107
Evolution of an antifreeze protein by neofunctionalization under escape from adaptive conflict
Cheng Denga,b, C.-H. Christina Chengc,1, Hua Yea,b, Ximiao Heb, and Liangbiao Chena,1
The evolutionary model escape from adaptive conflict (EAC) posits that adaptive conflict between the old and an emerging new function within a single gene could drive the fixation of gene duplication, where each duplicate can freely optimize one of the functions. Although EAC has been suggested as a common process in functional evolution, definitive cases of neofunctionalization under EAC are lacking, and the molecular mechanisms leading to functional innovation are not well-understood. We report here clear experimental evidence for EAC-driven evolution of type III antifreeze protein gene from an old sialic acid synthase (SAS) gene in an Antarctic zoarcid fish. We found that an SAS gene, having both sialic acid synthase and rudimentary ice-binding activities, became duplicated. In one duplicate, the N-terminal SAS domain was deleted and replaced with a nascent signal peptide, removing pleiotropic structural conflict between SAS and ice-binding functions and allowing rapid optimization of the C-terminal domain to become a secreted protein capable of noncolligative freezing-point depression. This study reveals how minor functionalities in an old gene can be transformed into a distinct survival protein and provides insights into how gene duplicates facing presumed identical selection and mutation pressures at birth could take divergent evolutionary paths.