美國(guó)堪薩斯大學(xué)古生物學(xué)家近日在中國(guó)內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)境內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)了迄今最大型的史前蜘蛛化石,。據(jù)古生物學(xué)家介紹,,這一史前蜘蛛化石保存極為完好,蜘蛛大約生活于1.65億年前的侏羅紀(jì)時(shí)代,,當(dāng)時(shí)正是恐龍主宰地球的年代,。目前,專家已經(jīng)識(shí)別出這只蜘蛛的確切屬類,,甚至還可以辨別出這是一只成年雌性蜘蛛,。
研究人員已經(jīng)將這種大金蛛命名為“侏羅紀(jì)蜘蛛”,蜘蛛的化石也是迄今發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大型史前蜘蛛化石,。這只蜘蛛與現(xiàn)代的蜘蛛后裔體形大小相當(dāng),,身體長(zhǎng)約1英寸(約合2.5厘米),寬約半英寸(約合1.25厘米)多,。它生活于中國(guó)北方的森林中,,當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂虮痊F(xiàn)要溫暖得多。
大金蛛是一種巨型蜘蛛,,目前還生活于地球之上,。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著,大金蛛應(yīng)該是人類已知跨越最長(zhǎng)年代的蜘蛛種類,。美國(guó)堪薩斯大學(xué)古生物學(xué)家保羅-塞爾登教授介紹說(shuō),,雌性大金蛛是如今存在于地球上的最大型織網(wǎng)蜘蛛,身長(zhǎng)可達(dá)到2英寸(約合5厘米),,腿部跨度可達(dá)6英寸(約合15厘米),。雄性的體形則相對(duì)較小。這種熱帶或亞熱帶地區(qū)的居民,,它們中的雌性可以織出與眾不同的蛛網(wǎng),,蛛網(wǎng)寬度可達(dá)5英尺(約合1.5米),蛛絲呈金黃色,,在陽(yáng)光下像黃金一樣閃閃發(fā)光,。
塞爾登教授在英國(guó)皇家學(xué)會(huì)期刊《生物學(xué)快報(bào)》上發(fā)表了最新發(fā)現(xiàn)成果報(bào)告,。報(bào)告稱,“這種已知最大型蜘蛛化石是形成于侏羅紀(jì)中期的中國(guó)境內(nèi),,這是一只雌性蜘蛛,。”古生物學(xué)家通過(guò)對(duì)這只蜘蛛進(jìn)行微觀檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),蜘蛛腿部末端像刷子一樣的長(zhǎng)剛毛都清晰可見(jiàn),,這些都是大金蛛的顯著特征,。
這一蜘蛛化石挖掘于中國(guó)內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)內(nèi)一個(gè)叫道虎溝的地區(qū),那里有許多史前動(dòng)物的化石,,如火蜥蜴,、小型原始哺乳動(dòng)物、昆蟲(chóng)和水生甲殼類動(dòng)物等,。在侏羅紀(jì)時(shí)期,,這個(gè)化石層位于一個(gè)火山區(qū)的湖泊中。這一時(shí)期的蜘蛛化石非常罕見(jiàn),,因?yàn)橹┲腩惞?jié)肢動(dòng)物脆弱的身體在地質(zhì)變遷過(guò)程中極易被破壞,。這只史前蜘蛛化石的形成過(guò)程極有可能是這樣的:在一次火山噴發(fā)過(guò)程中,蜘蛛的身體瞬間被火山灰掩埋,。因此,,它才不會(huì)腐爛,從而保存完好至今,。
塞爾登教授認(rèn)為,,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,大金蛛肯定擁有一個(gè)異常古老的血統(tǒng),。大金蛛可以織出一種異常結(jié)實(shí)的高蛋白蛛網(wǎng),,因?yàn)樗鼈兙褪且揽窟@種蛛網(wǎng)來(lái)捕食蛾類或昆蟲(chóng)。新發(fā)現(xiàn)還表明,,當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂蛞獪嘏?、潮濕得多。塞爾登表示?ldquo;侏羅紀(jì)蜘蛛織出的蛛網(wǎng)主要是用來(lái)在道虎溝森林中捕捉中型或大型昆蟲(chóng),。這種捕食行為可能在當(dāng)時(shí)的昆蟲(chóng)自然選擇過(guò)程中扮演了重要角色,。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Biol. Lett. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0228
A golden orb-weaver spider (Araneae: Nephilidae: Nephila) from the Middle Jurassic of China
Paul A. Selden1,2,3,*, ChungKun Shih1 and Dong Ren1,*
Abstract
Nephila are large, conspicuous weavers of orb webs composed of golden silk, in tropical and subtropical regions. Nephilids have a sparse fossil record, the oldest described hitherto being Cretaraneus vilaltae from the Cretaceous of Spain. Five species from Neogene Dominican amber and one from the Eocene of Florissant, CO, USA, have been referred to the extant genus Nephila. Here, we report the largest known fossil spider, Nephila jurassica sp. nov., from Middle Jurassic (approx. 165 Ma) strata of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. The new species extends the fossil record of the family by approximately 35 Ma and of the genus Nephila by approximately 130 Ma, making it the longest ranging spider genus known. Nephilidae originated somewhere on Pangaea, possibly the North China block, followed by dispersal almost worldwide before the break-up of the supercontinent later in the Mesozoic. The find suggests that the palaeoclimate was warm and humid at this time. This giant fossil orb-weaver provides evidence of predation on medium to large insects, well known from the Daohugou beds, and would have played an important role in the evolution of these insects.