科學(xué)家對在南澳大利亞袋鼠島發(fā)現(xiàn)的已有5.15億年歷史的化石“復(fù)眼”進行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)它們擁有3000多個獨立單眼,,因此它們的視力比當(dāng)時其他所有動物都更好
這些化石復(fù)眼觀察這個世界的像素超過3000,,因此它們的擁有者在當(dāng)時具有很大的視覺優(yōu)勢,因為同一時期的其他動物的像素大約只有100,,看到的一切都非常模糊(左),。但它無法與現(xiàn)有蜻蜓的視力相比,因為后者擁有最棒的復(fù)眼,,它的像素是2.8萬(右)
這是現(xiàn)有昆蟲——食肉動物食蟲虻的復(fù)眼,,它展示的是構(gòu)成復(fù)眼的獨立單眼
最近考古學(xué)家在南澳大利亞袋鼠島挖掘出已有5.15億年歷史的化石“復(fù)眼”,,它們像一只剛剛被拍扁的蒼蠅的眼睛,包含超過3000個可獨立成像的單眼,。據(jù)對其進行分析的澳大利亞科學(xué)家稱,,這些原始史前動物的視力非常棒,它們的視覺比我們以前認為的要好很多,。
現(xiàn)代昆蟲和甲殼類動物都有“復(fù)眼”,,它們包含數(shù)百甚至數(shù)千個獨立的單眼。它們以像素的形式觀察這個世界,,每個單眼產(chǎn)生一像素視覺,。更多單眼意味著有更多像素,因此目力分辨率也更好,。據(jù)南澳大利亞博物館和阿德萊德大學(xué)的科學(xué)家表示,,最新發(fā)現(xiàn)的這些化石“復(fù)眼”由3000多個獨立單眼構(gòu)成,因此它們比那個時代的任何動物的視力都更好,。它們也許屬于一種可以在昏暗光線下看清周圍一切的活躍的食肉動物,。
他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)顯示,一些最早出現(xiàn)的動物可能跟食蟲虻等現(xiàn)有昆蟲類似,,擁有超強的視覺,。在大約5.4億年前開始的“寒武紀(jì)生命大爆發(fā)”期間第一批這種食肉動物出現(xiàn)后,敏銳的視覺一定進化的很快,。除了好視力在躲避天敵和尋找食物及庇護所方面存在巨大的適應(yīng)優(yōu)勢外,,巨大的進化壓力一定也在不斷改進和提高視覺器官。由于這次發(fā)現(xiàn)的只有化石“復(fù)眼”,,因此科學(xué)家并不清楚它們屬于哪種動物,,不過它們可能是一種外形像蝦的大型動物的眼睛。
含有這些復(fù)眼化石的巖石里還有大量遠古海洋生物化石,,其中很多是以前未知的,。它們包括像三葉蟲的原始生物、披甲蟲(armoured worms)和長著給食附屬肢,、會游泳的大型食肉動物,。最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的這些化石復(fù)眼觀察這個世界的像素超過3000,因此它們的擁有者在當(dāng)時具有很大的視覺優(yōu)勢,,因為同一時期的其他動物的像素大約只有100,,看到的一切都非常模糊。
這種動物的視力一定比現(xiàn)有馬蹄蟹的視力更好,,但是沒有現(xiàn)有蜻蜓的好,,馬蹄蟹觀察周圍環(huán)境的像素只有1000,而蜻蜓擁有最棒的復(fù)眼,,它的像素是2.8萬,。該研究成果發(fā)表在《自然》雜志上,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Nature doi:10.1038/nature10097
Modern optics in exceptionally preserved eyes of Early Cambrian arthropods from Australia
Michael S. Y. Lee, James B. Jago, Diego C. García-Bellido, Gregory D. Edgecombe, James G. Gehling & John R. Paterson
Despite the status of the eye as an “organ of extreme perfection”1, theory suggests that complex eyes can evolve very rapidly2. The fossil record has, until now, been inadequate in providing insight into the early evolution of eyes during the initial radiation of many animal groups known as the Cambrian explosion. This is surprising because Cambrian Burgess-Shale-type deposits are replete with exquisitely preserved animals, especially arthropods, that possess eyes3, 4, 5. However, with the exception of biomineralized trilobite eyes, virtually nothing is known about the details of their optical design. Here we report exceptionally preserved fossil eyes from the Early Cambrian (~515 million years ago) Emu Bay Shale of South Australia, revealing that some of the earliest arthropods possessed highly advanced compound eyes, each with over 3,000 large ommatidial lenses and a specialized ‘bright zone’. These are the oldest non-biomineralized eyes known in such detail, with preservation quality exceeding that found in the Burgess Shale and Chengjiang deposits. Non-biomineralized eyes of similar complexity are otherwise unknown until about 85 million years later6, 7. The arrangement and size of the lenses indicate that these eyes belonged to an active predator that was capable of seeing in low light. The eyes are more complex than those known from contemporaneous trilobites and are as advanced as those of many living forms. They provide further evidence that the Cambrian explosion involved rapid innovation in fine-scale anatomy as well as gross morphology, and are consistent with the concept that the development of advanced vision helped to drive this great evolutionary event.