來(lái)自印尼的化石使我們對(duì)人類演化有了突破性的認(rèn)識(shí):現(xiàn)代人從未和直立人(Homo erectus)同時(shí)生存過(guò),。發(fā)表在《公共科學(xué)圖書館:綜合》(PLoS ONE)上的一篇文章告訴我們,,直立人和現(xiàn)代人伴生的理論簡(jiǎn)直是“關(guān)公戰(zhàn)秦瓊”,,該文讓我們對(duì)直立人在人類演化中所扮演的角色有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)。來(lái)自印尼加扎馬達(dá)大學(xué)(Gadjah Mada University)的人類學(xué)家E.Indriati和紐約大學(xué)(New York University)的S. Antón 共同主持了這項(xiàng)研究,。
圖:遺址附近的古地形圖
很久以來(lái),,直立人都被認(rèn)為是人類的直系祖先,,因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)诤芏喾矫媾c現(xiàn)代人都有相似之處,,僅有頭骨形狀和腦量與我們不同,。他們還是最早走出非洲的人類祖先之一,可追溯到180萬(wàn)年前。50萬(wàn)年前,,直立人在亞洲和非洲消失了,,然而他們卻在印尼昂棟地區(qū)一直存活到3.5-5萬(wàn)年前。很多人認(rèn)為,,在4萬(wàn)年前,,這些直立人最后的孑遺曾經(jīng)與最早到達(dá)印尼的現(xiàn)代人一起生活過(guò)。
直立人和智人同時(shí)出現(xiàn),,這對(duì)現(xiàn)代人演化研究意義重大,。關(guān)于現(xiàn)代人起源有兩種理論:其一是走出非洲說(shuō),即來(lái)自非洲的現(xiàn)代人祖先擴(kuò)散至各個(gè)大陸并最終將原先在那里的其他“居民”排擠掉,;另一種是連續(xù)進(jìn)化附帶雜交說(shuō),認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代人是從歐,、亞,、非各個(gè)地區(qū)同時(shí)起源的,并不斷進(jìn)行雜交,,最終成為了一個(gè)物種,。其中,只有走出非洲說(shuō)預(yù)言了直立人和現(xiàn)代人會(huì)共同生存一段時(shí)間,,因此,,之前印尼直立人的發(fā)現(xiàn)被看作是走出非洲說(shuō)的證明。
圖:昂棟遺址中出土的直立人頭骨
然而,,Indriati的研究對(duì)印尼直立人提出了質(zhì)疑,。他們認(rèn)為,在現(xiàn)代人到達(dá)印尼很久之前,,直立人就已經(jīng)滅絕了,。通過(guò)對(duì)化石的分析,直立人最晚在14萬(wàn)年前就滅絕了,,而這一數(shù)字最早可達(dá)55萬(wàn)年前,。“因此,直立人和現(xiàn)代人可能從未共同生活過(guò),。”Indriati說(shuō),。
研究小組考察了位于索倫河(Solo River)岸邊的兩個(gè)遺址:昂棟(Ngandong)和基嘉(Jigar),它們都位于河流階地上,,由于古河流的沖積,,這里土地肥沃,環(huán)境宜人,。由于河流多年的深切作用,,現(xiàn)在這兩個(gè)遺址都位于高處。自1930年起,此地發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)許多件直立人和動(dòng)物化石,。1996年,,一個(gè)研究小組宣布這些遺址中的早期人類化石有3.5-5萬(wàn)年歷史。他們是用了當(dāng)?shù)爻霎a(chǎn)的數(shù)種動(dòng)物化石的牙齒進(jìn)行測(cè)年的,,因此很多學(xué)者認(rèn)為,,實(shí)際上早期人類化石比測(cè)得的年代還要早,由于地質(zhì)作用等原因,,年代較早的人類化石和較晚的動(dòng)物化石被混在了一起,。
圖:直立人的生活場(chǎng)景
2004年起,Indriati的研究小組對(duì)遺址進(jìn)行了新的調(diào)查,,包括重新分析動(dòng)物化石,、進(jìn)行考古發(fā)掘等。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),,人類化石和動(dòng)物化石是同時(shí)期的,,并且史前人類僅在當(dāng)?shù)厣媪硕潭痰囊欢螘r(shí)間。“無(wú)論該遺址有多少年歷史,,我們都無(wú)法否認(rèn)此地發(fā)現(xiàn)的古人類,、動(dòng)物和沉積物都處于同一時(shí)期。”S.Antón說(shuō),。
研究小組使用了鈾系測(cè)年法和電子自旋共振法進(jìn)行測(cè)年,,發(fā)現(xiàn)昂棟和基嘉遺址的年代為55-14萬(wàn)年前,這一巨大的時(shí)間落差可能是由于樣品中混入了年代更久的巖石或地下水的作用,。不過(guò),,無(wú)論如何,測(cè)得的年代都遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)早于現(xiàn)代人首次到達(dá)印尼的時(shí)間,。所以,,研究者們推斷,在印尼,,直立人在十多萬(wàn)年前就已全部消失,,更談不上與現(xiàn)代人伴生了。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
PLoS ONE doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021562
The Age of the 20 Meter Solo River Terrace, Java, Indonesia and the Survival of Homo erectus in Asia
Etty Indriati, Carl C. Swisher III, Christopher Lepre, Rhonda L. Quinn, Rusyad A. Suriyanto, Agus T. Hascaryo, Rainer Grün, Craig S. Feibel, Briana L. Pobiner, Maxime Aubert, Wendy Lees, Susan C. Antón
Homo erectus was the first human lineage to disperse widely throughout the Old World, the only hominin in Asia through much of the Pleistocene, and was likely ancestral to H. sapiens. The demise of this taxon remains obscure because of uncertainties regarding the geological age of its youngest populations. In 1996, some of us co-published electron spin resonance (ESR) and uranium series (U-series) results indicating an age as young as 35–50 ka for the late H. erectus sites of Ngandong and Sambungmacan and the faunal site of Jigar (Indonesia). If correct, these ages favor an African origin for recent humans who would overlap with H. erectus in time and space. Here, we report 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating analyses and new ESR/U-series age estimates from the “20 m terrace" at Ngandong and Jigar. Both data sets are internally consistent and provide no evidence for reworking, yet they are inconsistent with one another. The 40Ar/39Ar analyses give an average age of 546±12 ka (sd±5 se) for both sites, the first reliable radiometric indications of a middle Pleistocene component for the terrace. Given the technical accuracy and consistency of the analyses, the argon ages represent either the actual age or the maximum age for the terrace and are significantly older than previous estimates. Most of the ESR/U-series results are older as well, but the oldest that meets all modeling criteria is 143 ka+20/?17. Most samples indicated leaching of uranium and likely represent either the actual or the minimum age of the terrace. Given known sources of error, the U-series results could be consistent with a middle Pleistocene age. However, the ESR and 40Ar/39Ar ages preclude one another. Regardless, the age of the sites and hominins is at least bracketed between these estimates and is older than currently accepted.