渾身布滿藍(lán)色、黃色和絨毛會是什么樣子,?根據(jù)對史前顏色進(jìn)行的一項新研究,,答案是一只具有4700萬年歷史的蛾子。研究人員表示,,回溯到幾千萬年之前,,這些鮮艷的色調(diào)可能意味著這些昆蟲在當(dāng)時便發(fā)動了一場進(jìn)化上的軍備競賽。
搞清幾百萬年前的動物看起來什么樣并不是一件容易事,。早已死亡的有機體的化石遺跡通常不會保留它們的原始顏色,。但是在過去的幾年里,研究人員利用結(jié)構(gòu)顏色現(xiàn)象從而找到了解決這一問題的途徑,。通過分析一枚化石中的顯微結(jié)構(gòu),,研究人員有時能夠計算出它們相當(dāng)于什么顏色,或是會反射何種波長的光線,。從甲蟲到長羽毛的恐龍,,這種方法已經(jīng)揭示了各種各樣有機體的原始色調(diào)。
利用這種“彩色印片法”炮制的最新生物是在德國梅塞爾油頁巖中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一只4700萬“歲”的蛾子,。這一沉積層因其復(fù)雜的化石保存而聞名于世,,同時這枚蛾子標(biāo)本是如此精致,以至于美國耶魯大學(xué)的古生物學(xué)家Maria McNamara和同事甚至能夠?qū)⒗ハx的翅膀放大,,以探查微小翅鱗的精細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu),。這些鱗片包含有McNamara所說的“石化的多層反射體”,,在這里,“光線以相同的角度在這一結(jié)構(gòu)的不同層面被反射,,從而產(chǎn)生一種單一的可見光”,。利用在現(xiàn)代蝴蝶中被設(shè)計用來研究鱗片與顏色間相互關(guān)系的數(shù)學(xué)模型,她和同事便能夠確定這一化石蛾子的色調(diào),。
盡管石化的蛾子看起來是褐色和金色的,,然而復(fù)原結(jié)果卻顯示這只昆蟲在生活中更加充滿活力。翅膀的外側(cè)描繪著少量的褐色,,隨后逐漸蛻變?yōu)樗{(lán)色,、綠色和黃色。研究人員沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何彩虹色的跡象,,表明這只蛾子從任何視角看都具有相同的顏色,。
研究人員在11月15日的《科學(xué)公共圖書館—生物學(xué)》網(wǎng)絡(luò)版上報告說,重建的調(diào)色板可以向古生物學(xué)家提供史前蛾子的棲息地線索,。McNamara和同事推斷,,蛾子翅膀上的綠色及其彩虹色的缺乏往往與現(xiàn)代昆蟲的偽裝功能相關(guān)。在遠(yuǎn)古的梅塞爾森林,,或許這種著色能夠幫助蛾子在可能的捕食者——例如蝙蝠——面前隱藏起來,。另外,它還能夠起到威懾的作用,。McNamara指出,,“當(dāng)(這些蛾子)取食鮮花時,這種顏色是非常醒目的,。它可能起到一種警報信號的作用”,,這與現(xiàn)代蛾子使用明亮的顏色讓捕食者相信它們是有毒的,并且味道可怕是一樣的道理,。她說,,今天的蛾子在捕食者和獵物之間進(jìn)行的軍備競賽或許至少可以追溯到4700萬年前。
美國賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的昆蟲學(xué)家Daniel Janzen認(rèn)為,,這項新研究或許確定了化石蛾子的真實顏色,。但他警告說,這些顏色對于昆蟲生活方式的意義卻很難被搞清,。Janzen說,,就像在現(xiàn)代蛾子中看到的那樣,明亮的色彩可以用于求愛,、偽裝或交流,。但他依然認(rèn)為,顏色和行為之間的關(guān)系可以被應(yīng)用到化石記錄中去,,正如人們對現(xiàn)代蛾子所做的那樣,。“我們沒有理由懷疑今天生態(tài)學(xué)的基本原理與4000多萬年前有什么不同,。”(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001200
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Fossilized Biophotonic Nanostructures Reveal the Original Colors of 47-Million-Year-Old Moths
Maria E. McNamara, Derek E. G. Briggs, Patrick J. Orr, Sonja Wedmann, Heeso Noh, Hui Cao
Structural colors are generated by scattering of light by variations in tissue nanostructure. They are widespread among animals and have been studied most extensively in butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), which exhibit the widest diversity of photonic nanostructures, resultant colors, and visual effects of any extant organism. The evolution of structural coloration in lepidopterans, however, is poorly understood. Existing hypotheses based on phylogenetic and/or structural data are controversial and do not incorporate data from fossils. Here we report the first example of structurally colored scales in fossil lepidopterans; specimens are from the 47-million-year-old Messel oil shale (Germany). The preserved colors are generated by a multilayer reflector comprised of a stack of perforated laminae in the scale lumen; differently colored scales differ in their ultrastructure. The original colors were altered during fossilization but are reconstructed based upon preserved ultrastructural detail. The dorsal surface of the forewings was a yellow-green color that probably served as a dual-purpose defensive signal, i.e. aposematic during feeding and cryptic at rest. This visual signal was enhanced by suppression of iridescence (change in hue with viewing angle) achieved via two separate optical mechanisms: extensive perforation, and concave distortion, of the multilayer reflector. The fossils provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, for the function of structural color in fossils and demonstrate the feasibility of reconstructing color in non-metallic lepidopteran fossils. Plastic scale developmental processes and complex optical mechanisms for interspecific signaling had clearly evolved in lepidopterans by the mid-Eocene.