一項(xiàng)刊登在12月12日的ZooKeys雜志上的研究論文"At the lower size limit for tetrapods, two new species of the miniaturized frog genus Paedophryne (Anura, Microhylidae)"指出,,巴布亞新幾內(nèi)亞發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種新種青蛙,,體型不及一粒M&M 巧克力豆,。其中一種新種青蛙被稱之為“Paedophryne dekot”(dekot在當(dāng)?shù)卣Z中意為“很小”),,身長大約在8.5到9毫米之間,。另一種的皮膚疙疙瘩瘩,被稱之為“P. verrucosa”(verrucosa在拉丁語中意為“長滿疣”),,身長在8.8到9.3毫米之間,。
此前的體型最小青蛙紀(jì)錄保持者也是Paedophyrne家族成員,身長大約在10毫米左右,。新發(fā)現(xiàn)的兩種青蛙不僅是地球上已知最小的青蛙種群,,同時也是地球上最小的四足動物或者說四足脊椎動物。地球上已知最小的脊椎動物是東南亞的原生壤鯉,,發(fā)育成熟后的雌性原生壤鯉身長只有7.9毫米,。“保護(hù)國際”的兩棲動物專家羅賓-摩爾表示:“體型如此微小的青蛙讓我感到吃驚,它們不斷推動微型化的極限,。”摩爾并沒有參與此項(xiàng)研究,。
這兩種新種青蛙是動物學(xué)家弗瑞德-克勞斯2011年在巴布亞新幾內(nèi)亞東南部一座與世隔絕的山脈進(jìn)行考察時發(fā)現(xiàn)的??藙谒咕吐氂谙耐牡漠呄钠詹┪镳^,,此前曾將Paedophyrne確定為一種新種青蛙。這個種群的青蛙只生活在雨林地面的樹葉上,。他指出,,這些青蛙之所以進(jìn)化出如此小的體型可能是為了適應(yīng)不被其他動物利用的環(huán)境。這兩種迷你青蛙可以用螨類等體型微小的獵物填飽肚子,,但對于體型較大的青蛙來說,,這一點(diǎn)顯然很難做到。
科學(xué)家通過傾聽它們的叫聲,,而后找到叫聲的源頭,,進(jìn)而發(fā)現(xiàn)這些小生靈的位置。在巴布亞新幾內(nèi)亞,,克勞斯和一群當(dāng)?shù)刂謳缀醢涯樫N在地面,,尋找微型青蛙的蹤跡,發(fā)現(xiàn)之后徒手將它們捕獲,。很顯然,,完成這項(xiàng)工作絕非易事??藙谒拐f:“這些小東西會像蟋蟀一樣跳,,一會跳到這兒,一會又跳到那兒,。”
科學(xué)家對微型青蛙了解不多,。此次發(fā)現(xiàn)說明世界上其他地區(qū)可能也存在這種小生靈。研究人員在論文中寫道:“毫無疑問,,其他很少被人考察的熱帶地區(qū)生活著其他微型物種,,等待我們?nèi)グl(fā)現(xiàn)和描述。”摩爾說:“這一領(lǐng)域最令人感到興奮的是,你知道類似這樣的新物種將陸續(xù)浮出水面,。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.3897/zookeys.154.1963
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At the lower size limit for tetrapods, two new species of the miniaturized frog genus Paedophryne (Anura, Microhylidae)
Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
I describe two new species in the miniaturized microhylid frog genus Paedophryne from forests in southeastern Papua New Guinea. The first species is described on the basis of two specimens and exhibits female snout-vent length of 8.5–9.0 mm (no males known), whereas that of the second species, described on the basis of 12 specimens, is 8.8–9.3 mm, with males 8.1–8.9 mm. These frogs are smaller than the other two diminutive species described when the genus was recently erected, and they represent what are currently the smallest known species of tetrapods. The two species replace each other elevationally on the same mountain massif and occur in relative geographic proximity to the other named species of the genus. Females of both species contain only two enlarged ova, suggesting that they also possess clutch sizes at the extreme lower end of variation in frogs. All species of Paedophryne inhabit leaf litter, as seen for most other miniaturized anurans.