尼安德特人(左)與現(xiàn)代人類(右)的腦部對(duì)比圖
目前,,來自西班牙自然科學(xué)博物館的Markus Bastir、Antonio Rosas及其團(tuán)隊(duì)的最新研究"Evolution of the base of the brain in highly encephalized human species"發(fā)現(xiàn),,現(xiàn)代人類的嗅覺與語言一樣,是較其他人種(比如尼安德特人)更為優(yōu)勢的一個(gè)進(jìn)化特征,。相關(guān)論文發(fā)表在最新一期的Nat Commun雜志上,。
在大腦中控制認(rèn)知(如語言、記憶,、社交能力等)的顳葉(temporal lobe)與控制嗅覺的嗅球(olfactory bulb)的大小,,在現(xiàn)代人類中比其他人種要大。它們的體積與尼安德特人相比要大12%,。這表明,,這兩個(gè)區(qū)域的協(xié)同作用對(duì)現(xiàn)代人類的進(jìn)化非常重要。
研究者對(duì)古人類的頭骨化石(包括現(xiàn)代人類,、尼安德特人和直立人)進(jìn)行了分析,,他們使用了一種非常精確的方法去測量和對(duì)比這些最老達(dá)200萬年的頭骨化石的顳葉和嗅球的體積,同時(shí),,3D模型能夠幫助恢復(fù)內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的細(xì)節(jié)之處,。最終,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代人類顳葉和嗅球的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)與其祖先相比有極大的變化,,而這樣的變化在尼安德特人中卻并不明顯。正是這種不一樣的進(jìn)化途徑,,使得現(xiàn)代人類與尼安德特人的命運(yùn)截然相反,。
傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為嗅覺相比其他知覺來講并不重要,甚至一直以來人們都認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代人類擁有的是退化的嗅覺,。但是,,此項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果卻完全相反,現(xiàn)代人類擁有與祖先相比更強(qiáng)的嗅覺,,這主要是因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代人類需要適應(yīng)更紛亂的外部環(huán)境,,搜尋更大范圍的食物和扮演更為復(fù)雜的社會(huì)角色,。
嗅覺在大腦中的處理區(qū)域與情緒、動(dòng)機(jī),、恐懼,、記憶、快樂和吸引力等情感處理區(qū)域相同,,它在影響人們社交能力方面扮演著重要作用,。嗅球是脊椎動(dòng)物中最古老的認(rèn)知組織之一,并且也是唯一一個(gè)能將大腦與外部環(huán)境直接聯(lián)系的組織,。神經(jīng)學(xué)家用“高級(jí)嗅覺作用”(higher olfactory functions)這一術(shù)語來描述嗅球與認(rèn)知之間的關(guān)系,。研究者認(rèn)為較大的嗅球和顳葉能夠使現(xiàn)代人類的社會(huì)行為更為緊密,比如血緣認(rèn)知,、家庭關(guān)系,、團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力和社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí),而這些都是人之為人的關(guān)鍵所在,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/ncomms1593
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Evolution of the base of the brain in highly encephalized human species.
Bastir M, Rosas A, Gunz P, Peña-Melian A, Manzi G, Harvati K, Kruszynski R, Stringer C, Hublin JJ.
The increase of brain size relative to body size-encephalization-is intimately linked with human evolution. However, two genetically different evolutionary lineages, Neanderthals and modern humans, have produced similarly large-brained human species. Thus, understanding human brain evolution should include research into specific cerebral reorganization, possibly reflected by brain shape changes. Here we exploit developmental integration between the brain and its underlying skeletal base to test hypotheses about brain evolution in Homo. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses of endobasicranial shape reveal previously undocumented details of evolutionary changes in Homo sapiens. Larger olfactory bulbs, relatively wider orbitofrontal cortex, relatively increased and forward projecting temporal lobe poles appear unique to modern humans. Such brain reorganization, beside physical consequences for overall skull shape, might have contributed to the evolution of H. sapiens' learning and social capacities, in which higher olfactory functions and its cognitive, neurological behavioral implications could have been hitherto underestimated factors.