黑猩猩很擅長(zhǎng)維持“社會(huì)”的凝聚/融洽,，并有不同的策略以保證其群體的穩(wěn)定?，F(xiàn)在，人類學(xué)家揭示黑猩猩為了維護(hù)本集團(tuán)內(nèi)的和平,，是通過(guò)調(diào)解群體其它成員之間的沖突而不是關(guān)注于自己的直接利益,。它們?cè)跊_突中的公正干涉，即所謂的“治安”可視為道德行為的早期進(jìn)化形式,。
哪里有群居,，哪里就有沖突,，這一點(diǎn)是不可避免。在這一點(diǎn)上,，我們的近親——黑猩猩也不例外,。健全的沖突管理措施是保證團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚/融洽的關(guān)鍵,。黑猩猩群落中的每個(gè)個(gè)體都確保這一群體中的和平與秩序穩(wěn)定,。這種形式的沖突管理措施被稱為“治安”，即由第三方介入,，公正解決沖突,。到現(xiàn)在為止，有關(guān)黑猩猩的具有道德動(dòng)機(jī)的行為只在老的文獻(xiàn)資料中有所記載,。
然而現(xiàn)在,，瑞士蘇黎世大學(xué)的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物學(xué)家可以確認(rèn)：黑猩猩就是通過(guò)在沖突中進(jìn)行公平公正地干預(yù)，以保證其群體的穩(wěn)定,。因此基于對(duì)群體中各方利益的關(guān)注,，黑猩猩們表現(xiàn)出可一種親社會(huì)行為。
參與沖突的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)方越多,，“治安”干預(yù)進(jìn)行的越多
如果有好幾個(gè)爭(zhēng)執(zhí)方都參與了這種非常危及群體和平的沖突爭(zhēng)端中的話,，仲裁員公正干預(yù)的意愿是最大的。研究人員觀察和比較被圈養(yǎng)地四個(gè)不同的黑猩猩群體的行為,，在Gossau Walter動(dòng)物園,，研究人員遇到了一種特殊情況。我們有幸能夠觀察到一旦新的雌性黑猩猩剛被接溶入到黑猩猩群落中后,，雄性黑猩猩的排名也會(huì)被重新定義,，黑猩猩群落的穩(wěn)定性開(kāi)始動(dòng)搖了。這種情況在野外自然環(huán)境下也同樣存在,，研究的主要作者Claudia Rudolf von Rohr解釋說(shuō),。
排名前的黑猩猩才能當(dāng)“仲裁員”
并不是每只黑猩猩都能成為合適的“仲裁員”。主要是由那些被尊重的群體中等級(jí)高（排名前）的雄性或雌性黑猩猩或是其它級(jí)別高的動(dòng)物介入沖突,，充當(dāng)“仲裁員”,。否則，“仲裁員”是無(wú)法成功終止沖突的,。與人類一樣,，黑猩猩群體中也有部門(mén)。Rudolf von Rohr得出結(jié)論說(shuō)：我們?nèi)祟惿鐣?huì)群體關(guān)注的利益是我們?nèi)祟愖陨淼目焖侔l(fā)展,，因?yàn)樾纬晌覀兊赖滦袨榈幕A(chǔ)是根深蒂固的,，這一點(diǎn)也可以在我們的近親黑猩猩群體中觀察到。 (生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032494
PMC:
PMID:
Impartial Third-Party Interventions in Captive Chimpanzees: A Reflection of Community Concern
Claudia Rudolf von Rohr, Sonja E. Koski, Judith M. Burkart, Clare Caws, Orlaith N. Fraser, Angela Ziltener, Carel P. van Schaik.
Because conflicts among social group members are inevitable, their management is crucial for group stability. The rarest and most interesting form of conflict management is policing, i.e., impartial interventions by bystanders, which is of considerable interest due to its potentially moral nature. Here, we provide descriptive and quantitative data on policing in captive chimpanzees. First, we report on a high rate of policing in one captive group characterized by recently introduced females and a rank reversal between two males. We explored the influence of various factors on the occurrence of policing. The results show that only the alpha and beta males acted as arbitrators using manifold tactics to control conflicts, and that their interventions strongly depended on conflict complexity. Secondly, we compared the policing patterns in three other captive chimpanzee groups. We found that although rare, policing was more prevalent at times of increased social instability, both high-ranking males and females performed policing, and conflicts of all sex-dyad combinations were policed. These results suggest that the primary function of policing is to increase group stability. It may thus reflect prosocial behaviour based upon “community concern.” However, policing remains a rare behaviour and more data are needed to test the generality of this hypothesis.
