近日,,《國(guó)家科學(xué)院院刊》(PNAS)發(fā)表了上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院莊寒異課題組和美國(guó)杜克大學(xué)等處的研究人員的成果,他們?cè)谛嵊X受體中篩選到了金屬離子特異性識(shí)別受體,,從而首次確立了金屬離子在氣味感知過程中有關(guān)鍵性的作用,。
嗅覺在哺乳動(dòng)物的個(gè)體間相互識(shí)別和信息交流以及獲取社會(huì)環(huán)境信息等方面有重要作用。然而,,作為嗅覺感知第一步的嗅覺受體識(shí)別相應(yīng)氣味分子的具體機(jī)理至今尚很不清楚,。
通訊作者是上海交通大學(xué)莊寒異博士,以及杜克大學(xué)的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)家Hiroaki Matsunami博士,,參與研究的還包括紐約州立大學(xué)奧伯尼分校的有機(jī)化學(xué)家Eric Block博士以及賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)Minghong Ma博士等課題組,。莊寒異博士自回國(guó)以來就受到關(guān)注,,因?yàn)樗巧虾W钅贻p的“東方學(xué)者”(上海高校特聘教授)、交大醫(yī)學(xué)院最年輕的博導(dǎo),,而且她曾在國(guó)際上首次報(bào)道了人類特異性嗅覺缺失的分子機(jī)制。
在這篇文章文章中,,研究人員首先通過體外實(shí)驗(yàn),,從219種小鼠嗅覺受體中篩選出MOR244-3為MTMT(甲硫基甲硫醇)的特異性識(shí)別受體,,并且從超過130種不同類型的氣味分子中鑒定出MOR244-3特異性識(shí)別的一些含硫化合物,包括硫醇,、硫化物及硫代羧基等,。
研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn),在添加銅離子或銅離子螯合劑(tetraethylenepentamine,,TEPA)的體外異源細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)體系和體內(nèi)電生理實(shí)驗(yàn)中,,這個(gè)受體被硫醇類等氣味分子的激活程度都分別有劑量效應(yīng)性的增強(qiáng)或減弱,,而常出現(xiàn)在金屬蛋白中的其它金屬離子,,如鋅,、鐵,、鎳、鈷等都沒有這樣的作用,。而且,發(fā)揮增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)的銅離子濃度很小且與嗅覺組織中所檢測(cè)的銅離子濃度差不多,。在小鼠嗅覺辨別能力的行為學(xué)測(cè)試中,,往鼻子中注入TEPA的小鼠特異性地尚失了對(duì)MTMT的辨別能力,,而隨著TEPA的被代謝清除,,幾天后這些小鼠又都恢復(fù)了對(duì)MTMT的辨別能力。
除此之外,,研究人員還結(jié)合定點(diǎn)突變和同源建模等方法,,提出位于受體MOR244-3第三跨膜區(qū)的His 105作為銅離子結(jié)合的殘基,調(diào)節(jié)受體與MTMT-銅離子復(fù)合體相互識(shí)別的作用機(jī)制模型,。這些研究成果是交叉科學(xué)研究的一個(gè)成功范例,,由化學(xué)家和生物學(xué)家一起第一次確立了金屬離子在氣味感知過程中有關(guān)鍵性的作用,促使人們重新思考配體-受體相互作用的整個(gè)過程,,并且對(duì)探索類似的G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體的靶向藥物也有一定的理論和應(yīng)用價(jià)值,。
嗅覺受體類似于人體的“氣味接收器”,人之所以能聞到氣味,,是因?yàn)橛袣馕兜奈镔|(zhì)“激活”了位于鼻子里嗅上皮中的嗅覺受體,,嗅覺受體產(chǎn)生電信號(hào),并把它傳到大腦,。人體約有400個(gè)基因“編譯”不同的嗅覺受體,,這占到人體總基因數(shù)的很大一部分,。由于絕大多數(shù)氣味是由多種氣體分子組成,每種氣體分子能“激活”相應(yīng)的多個(gè)嗅覺受體,,所以盡管嗅覺受體只有400多種,,但是產(chǎn)生大量的組合后,人類就能辨識(shí),、記憶上萬種不同的氣味,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1111297109
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Crucial role of copper in detection of metal-coordinating odorants
Duan, Xufang; Block, Eric; Li, Zhen; Connelly, Timothy; Zhang, Jian; Huang, Zhimin; Su, Xubo; Pan, Yi; Wu, Lifang; Chi, Qiuyi; Thomas, Siji; Zhang, Shaozhong; Ma, Minghong; Matsunami, Hiroaki; Chen, Guo-Qiang; Zhuang, Hanyi
Odorant receptors (ORs) in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) mediate detection of volatile odorants. Divalent sulfur compounds, such as thiols and thioethers, are extremely potent odorants. We identify a mouse OR, MOR244-3, robustly responding to (methylthio)methanethiol (MeSCH2SH; MTMT) in heterologous cells. Found specifically in male mouse urine, strong-smelling MTMT [human threshold 100 parts per billion (ppb)] is a semiochemical that attracts female mice. Nonadjacent thiol and thioether groups in MTMT suggest involvement of a chelated metal complex in MOR244-3 activation. Metal ion involvement in thiol–OR interactions was previously proposed, but whether these ions change thiol-mediated OR activation remained unknown. We show that copper ion among all metal ions tested is required for robust activation of MOR244-3 toward ppb levels of MTMT, structurally related sulfur compounds, and other metal-coordinating odorants (e.g., strong-smelling trans-cyclooctene) among >125 compounds tested. Copper chelator (tetraethylenepentamine, TEPA) addition abolishes the response of MOR244-3 to MTMT. Histidine 105, located in the third transmembrane domain near the extracellular side, is proposed to serve as a copper-coordinating residue mediating interaction with the MTMT–copper complex. Electrophysiological recordings of the OSNs in the septal organ, abundantly expressing MOR244-3, revealed neurons responding to MTMT. Addition of copper ion and chelator TEPA respectively enhanced and reduced the response of some MTMT-responding neurons, demonstrating the physiological relevance of copper ion in olfaction. In a behavioral context, an olfactory discrimination assay showed that mice injected with TEPA failed to discriminate MTMT. This report establishes the role of metal ions in mammalian odor detection by ORs.