近日,《國家科學院院刊》(PNAS)發(fā)表了上海交通大學醫(yī)學院莊寒異課題組和美國杜克大學等處的研究人員的成果,,他們在嗅覺受體中篩選到了金屬離子特異性識別受體,,從而首次確立了金屬離子在氣味感知過程中有關鍵性的作用。
嗅覺在哺乳動物的個體間相互識別和信息交流以及獲取社會環(huán)境信息等方面有重要作用,。然而,,作為嗅覺感知第一步的嗅覺受體識別相應氣味分子的具體機理至今尚很不清楚,。
通訊作者是上海交通大學莊寒異博士,以及杜克大學的神經(jīng)生物學家Hiroaki Matsunami博士,,參與研究的還包括紐約州立大學奧伯尼分校的有機化學家Eric Block博士以及賓夕法尼亞大學Minghong Ma博士等課題組,。莊寒異博士自回國以來就受到關注,因為她是上海最年輕的“東方學者”(上海高校特聘教授),、交大醫(yī)學院最年輕的博導,,而且她曾在國際上首次報道了人類特異性嗅覺缺失的分子機制。
在這篇文章文章中,,研究人員首先通過體外實驗,從219種小鼠嗅覺受體中篩選出MOR244-3為MTMT(甲硫基甲硫醇)的特異性識別受體,,并且從超過130種不同類型的氣味分子中鑒定出MOR244-3特異性識別的一些含硫化合物,,包括硫醇、硫化物及硫代羧基等。
研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn),,在添加銅離子或銅離子螯合劑(tetraethylenepentamine,,TEPA)的體外異源細胞實驗體系和體內電生理實驗中,,這個受體被硫醇類等氣味分子的激活程度都分別有劑量效應性的增強或減弱,,而常出現(xiàn)在金屬蛋白中的其它金屬離子,,如鋅,、鐵,、鎳、鈷等都沒有這樣的作用,。而且,,發(fā)揮增強效應的銅離子濃度很小且與嗅覺組織中所檢測的銅離子濃度差不多。在小鼠嗅覺辨別能力的行為學測試中,,往鼻子中注入TEPA的小鼠特異性地尚失了對MTMT的辨別能力,,而隨著TEPA的被代謝清除,,幾天后這些小鼠又都恢復了對MTMT的辨別能力。
除此之外,,研究人員還結合定點突變和同源建模等方法,,提出位于受體MOR244-3第三跨膜區(qū)的His 105作為銅離子結合的殘基,調節(jié)受體與MTMT-銅離子復合體相互識別的作用機制模型,。這些研究成果是交叉科學研究的一個成功范例,,由化學家和生物學家一起第一次確立了金屬離子在氣味感知過程中有關鍵性的作用,促使人們重新思考配體-受體相互作用的整個過程,,并且對探索類似的G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體的靶向藥物也有一定的理論和應用價值。
嗅覺受體類似于人體的“氣味接收器”,,人之所以能聞到氣味,,是因為有氣味的物質“激活”了位于鼻子里嗅上皮中的嗅覺受體,嗅覺受體產(chǎn)生電信號,,并把它傳到大腦,。人體約有400個基因“編譯”不同的嗅覺受體,這占到人體總基因數(shù)的很大一部分,。由于絕大多數(shù)氣味是由多種氣體分子組成,每種氣體分子能“激活”相應的多個嗅覺受體,所以盡管嗅覺受體只有400多種,,但是產(chǎn)生大量的組合后,,人類就能辨識、記憶上萬種不同的氣味,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1111297109
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Crucial role of copper in detection of metal-coordinating odorants
Duan, Xufang; Block, Eric; Li, Zhen; Connelly, Timothy; Zhang, Jian; Huang, Zhimin; Su, Xubo; Pan, Yi; Wu, Lifang; Chi, Qiuyi; Thomas, Siji; Zhang, Shaozhong; Ma, Minghong; Matsunami, Hiroaki; Chen, Guo-Qiang; Zhuang, Hanyi
Odorant receptors (ORs) in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) mediate detection of volatile odorants. Divalent sulfur compounds, such as thiols and thioethers, are extremely potent odorants. We identify a mouse OR, MOR244-3, robustly responding to (methylthio)methanethiol (MeSCH2SH; MTMT) in heterologous cells. Found specifically in male mouse urine, strong-smelling MTMT [human threshold 100 parts per billion (ppb)] is a semiochemical that attracts female mice. Nonadjacent thiol and thioether groups in MTMT suggest involvement of a chelated metal complex in MOR244-3 activation. Metal ion involvement in thiol–OR interactions was previously proposed, but whether these ions change thiol-mediated OR activation remained unknown. We show that copper ion among all metal ions tested is required for robust activation of MOR244-3 toward ppb levels of MTMT, structurally related sulfur compounds, and other metal-coordinating odorants (e.g., strong-smelling trans-cyclooctene) among >125 compounds tested. Copper chelator (tetraethylenepentamine, TEPA) addition abolishes the response of MOR244-3 to MTMT. Histidine 105, located in the third transmembrane domain near the extracellular side, is proposed to serve as a copper-coordinating residue mediating interaction with the MTMT–copper complex. Electrophysiological recordings of the OSNs in the septal organ, abundantly expressing MOR244-3, revealed neurons responding to MTMT. Addition of copper ion and chelator TEPA respectively enhanced and reduced the response of some MTMT-responding neurons, demonstrating the physiological relevance of copper ion in olfaction. In a behavioral context, an olfactory discrimination assay showed that mice injected with TEPA failed to discriminate MTMT. This report establishes the role of metal ions in mammalian odor detection by ORs.