科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),,澳洲淡水龍蝦紅螯螯蝦(Cherax quadricarinatus)的牙齒被一種搪瓷所覆蓋,與脊椎動物的有驚人類似處,,這兩種磷酸鈣物質(zhì)的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)非常相似,,淡水小龍蝦卻獨(dú)立地發(fā)育了這種極其堅(jiān)硬的物質(zhì),因?yàn)闀顾难例X特別堅(jiān)硬,。
就硬度而言,,釉質(zhì)設(shè)定了一個獨(dú)特標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)幾乎不被其他任何生物材料所達(dá)到,。在脊椎動物和淡水小龍蝦的進(jìn)化過程中,,都發(fā)展了彼此獨(dú)立的釉質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)。在人和其他脊椎動物中,,牙冠外層的硬度和強(qiáng)度是由于磷酸鈣微小晶體,,這種晶體也會使骨骼堅(jiān)固。雖然釉質(zhì)的組成和結(jié)構(gòu)已使其非常堅(jiān)固,,淡水小龍蝦還是進(jìn)化產(chǎn)生了一種高度礦化的頜骨防護(hù)層,,與脊椎動物釉質(zhì)非常相似。
淡水小龍蝦的頜骨是表皮的一部分,,而表皮基本上由甲殼素纖維網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)組成,。外殼因?yàn)闊o序碳酸鈣而特別堅(jiān)硬,這種無序碳酸鈣術(shù)稱為無定形碳酸鈣,。然而,,在淡水小龍蝦的頜骨上,甲殼素的柔軟復(fù)合材料和無定形碳酸鈣被一層薄薄的物質(zhì)所覆蓋,這一薄層物質(zhì)就像人類的牙釉質(zhì),,主要由結(jié)晶磷酸鈣組成,。值得注意的是,無脊椎動物外骨骼中很少發(fā)現(xiàn)這種構(gòu)成性的磷酸鈣,。晶體的細(xì)長形狀及其牙齒表面的垂直排列也很大程度地符合了人類牙釉質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),,產(chǎn)生類似的力學(xué)性能。該結(jié)構(gòu)使材料非常堅(jiān)固,,同時對裂紋擴(kuò)展具有高度抗性,,使牙齒受到完美保護(hù)而免受破壞。另外,,淡水小龍蝦的釉質(zhì)含有高水平的氟化物,,這使釉質(zhì)的水溶性更低;淡水小龍蝦的棲息地特別重要,,因?yàn)樵邴}水相比,,含鈣礦物更易溶于淡水中。
另一方面,,淡水小龍蝦一邊生長一邊一次次地更新角質(zhì)層,,并從甲殼素組織中溶出無定形碳酸鈣,將其部分存儲以便在新殼中再用,,利用余下的角質(zhì)層來脫換和重建昂貴的釉質(zhì),。在這方面,淡水小龍蝦先進(jìn)于人類,,它們以低代謝成本一次又一次地更新牙齒,,而人類的釉質(zhì),盡管堅(jiān)硬,,卻逐漸地磨損,,也不能被替換。(生物谷bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/ncomms1839
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Enamel-like apatite crown covering amorphous mineral in a crayfish mandible
Shmuel Bentov, Paul Zaslansky, Ali Al-Sawalmih, Admir Masic, Peter Fratzl, Amir Sagi, Amir Berman, Barbara Aichmayer
Carbonated hydroxyapatite is the mineral found in vertebrate bones and teeth, whereas invertebrates utilize calcium carbonate in their mineralized organs. In particular, stable amorphous calcium carbonate is found in many crustaceans. Here we report on an unusual, crystalline enamel-like apatite layer found in the mandibles of the arthropod Cherax quadricarinatus (freshwater crayfish). Despite their very different thermodynamic stabilities, amorphous calcium carbonate, amorphous calcium phosphate, calcite and fluorapatite coexist in well-defined functional layers in close proximity within the mandible. The softer amorphous minerals are found primarily in the bulk of the mandible whereas apatite, the harder and less soluble mineral, forms a wear-resistant, enamel-like coating of the molar tooth. Our findings suggest a unique case of convergent evolution, where similar functional challenges of mastication led to independent developments of structurally and mechanically similar, apatite-based layers in the teeth of genetically remote phyla: vertebrates and crustaceans.