近日，一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)忠實(shí)的女性開(kāi)始選擇良好的供應(yīng)者作為配偶的時(shí)候，配偶結(jié)合就在人類進(jìn)化中取代了亂交,。由于靈長(zhǎng)類群體通常建立支配地位驅(qū)動(dòng)的等級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)，讓交配的特權(quán)僅限于少數(shù)高等級(jí)的雄性,，進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家努力解釋配偶結(jié)合以及這種核心家庭結(jié)構(gòu)如何在人類中間起源,。相關(guān)研究論文“Human origins and the transition from promiscuity to pair-bonding，”刊登在了近日的國(guó)際雜志PNAS上,。
利用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)學(xué)模型,，Sergey Gavrilets揭示出了最常被提出的人類配偶結(jié)合的理論在生物學(xué)上是不切實(shí)際的。然后,，把女性選擇和忠誠(chéng)度的進(jìn)化等因素結(jié)合進(jìn)來(lái),，這位科研人員設(shè)計(jì)出了一個(gè)模型表明了配偶結(jié)合如何代表了一種關(guān)鍵的適應(yīng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)了人類進(jìn)化的獨(dú)特性,。
這組作者提出,，地位低的男性很可能通過(guò)把重點(diǎn)幾乎全部放在成為最佳的供應(yīng)者上，從而開(kāi)始吸引配偶,，這種策略有增強(qiáng)女性生育力并支持他們的后代存活的額外收益,。在進(jìn)化的時(shí)間尺度上，該模型表明,，除了地位最高的男性,，所有其他男性將會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變成向進(jìn)化出高忠誠(chéng)感的女性供應(yīng)資源。這位作者說(shuō),，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明女性的選擇在人類進(jìn)化中是關(guān)鍵因素,，他們還提出，未來(lái)關(guān)于社會(huì)行為的研究應(yīng)該明確地考慮到影響社會(huì)互動(dòng)動(dòng)態(tài)的個(gè)體之間的差異,。（生物谷Bioon.com）
doi:10.1073/pnas.1200717109
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Human origins and the transition from promiscuity to pair-bonding
Sergey Gavrilets1
A crucial step in recent theories of human origins is the emergence of strong pair-bonding between males and females accompanied by a dramatic reduction in the male-to-male conflict over mating and an increased investment in offspring. How such a transition from promiscuity to pair-bonding could be achieved is puzzling. Many species would, indeed, be much better off evolutionarily if the effort spent on male competition over mating was redirected to increasing female fertility or survivorship of offspring. Males, however, are locked in a “social dilemma,” where shifting one’s effort from “appropriation” to “production” would give an advantage to free-riding competitors and therefore, should not happen. Here, I first consider simple models for four prominent scenarios of the human transition to pair-bonding: communal care, mate guarding, food for mating, and mate provisioning. I show that the transition is not feasible under biologically relevant conditions in any of these models. Then, I show that the transition can happen if one accounts for male heterogeneity, assortative pair formation, and evolution of female choice and faithfulness. This process is started when low-ranked males begin using an alternative strategy of female provisioning. At the end, except for the top-ranked individuals, males invest exclusively in provisioning females who have evolved very high fidelity to their mates. My results point to the crucial importance of female choice and emphasize the need for incorporating between-individual variation in theoretical and empirical studies of social dilemmas and behaviors.
