人們聽到的大多數(shù)音樂是作曲家和演奏者的產(chǎn)物,但是一項(xiàng)刊登在PNAS上的研究表明了消費(fèi)者選擇在塑造音樂多樣性方面的創(chuàng)造性作用,。Robert MacCallum及其同事提出,,音樂通過一個有修改和自然選擇的傳代過程進(jìn)化,即:隨著音樂從一位音樂家傳到另一位音樂家,,它常常被修改,,而聽者的選擇影響了具體歌曲的復(fù)制、傳播和存留,。為了研究消費(fèi)者選擇在音樂進(jìn)化上的作用,,這組作者開發(fā)了一個基于網(wǎng)頁的計(jì)算機(jī)程序,稱為“DarwinTunes”,,它隨機(jī)生成短的聲音“循環(huán)”,,這些短的聲音“循環(huán)”進(jìn)行周期性的重組、突變和復(fù)制,。
大約7000名網(wǎng)上參與者聽了這些循環(huán)并對它們進(jìn)行了評分,,因此也就起到了自然選擇的力量,。平均評分最差的循環(huán)滅絕了,,而那些平均評分最佳的復(fù)制產(chǎn)生了下一代。在自然選擇下經(jīng)過了大約2500代之后,,這組作者發(fā)現(xiàn)這些循環(huán)迅速地從噪音進(jìn)化到了吸引人的音樂,,部分是由于在美學(xué)上令人愉快的和弦與旋律的進(jìn)化。
這些循環(huán)的進(jìn)化最終變慢了,,這組作者發(fā)現(xiàn)這大部分歸結(jié)于干擾性的突變和重組,。這組作者說,這些發(fā)現(xiàn)描繪了對文化變化研究的一種基于進(jìn)化生物學(xué)的方法,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1203182109
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Evolution of music by public choice
Robert M. MacCalluma,1, Matthias Mauchb,2, Austin Burta, and Armand M. Leroia
Music evolves as composers, performers, and consumers favor some musical variants over others. To investigate the role of consumer selection, we constructed a Darwinian music engine consisting of a population of short audio loops that sexually reproduce and mutate. This population evolved for 2,513 generations under the selective influence of 6,931 consumers who rated the loops’ aesthetic qualities. We found that the loops quickly evolved into music attributable, in part, to the evolution of aesthetically pleasing chords and rhythms. Later, however, evolution slowed. Applying the Price equation, a general description of evolutionary processes, we found that this stasis was mostly attributable to a decrease in the fidelity of transmission. Our experiment shows how cultural dynamics can be explained in terms of competing evolutionary forces.