在國家自然科學(xué)基金的資助下(項(xiàng)目編號91114201和 J1210006),,中國科學(xué)院南京地質(zhì)與古生物研究所黃迪穎研究員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的國際科研小組2月20日再次在英國《自然》(Nature)雜志發(fā)表了他們的最新研究成果——《侏羅紀(jì)兩棲蚊子及其幼態(tài)特征》,。蜥虱(Saurophthirus)和恐怖蟲(Strashila)是所有昆蟲化石中最令人迷惑的兩個類群,。2012年3月8日黃迪穎研究員等在《自然》雜志首次報道了中國中生代巨型跳蚤的發(fā)現(xiàn),,指出蜥虱(Saurophthirus)實(shí)際是一種白堊紀(jì)特化的巨型跳蚤,。然而,,恐怖蟲(Strashila)卻仍然是個迷,??植老x1992年由俄羅斯科學(xué)家最先報道,學(xué)者們認(rèn)為它與已知昆蟲有很 大區(qū)別,,無法歸入任何昆蟲目,,一些學(xué)者甚至為它建了一個新目。并認(rèn)為它是翼龍的外寄生蟲,,還有作者提出它們寄生于帶毛恐龍,,它的螯狀后足用來抓握恐龍羽毛 的毛根。
根據(jù)我國內(nèi)蒙寧城縣道虎溝中侏羅統(tǒng)九龍山組(距今約1.65億年)最新發(fā)現(xiàn)的13塊化石黃迪穎研究員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的國際科研團(tuán)隊(duì)為恐怖蟲的生物屬性提出 了全新的答案,,首次發(fā)現(xiàn)雌性個體與雄性完全不同:其后足不呈螯狀,腹部缺少成對側(cè)葉,,就像一只少了翅膀的普通蚊子,,不具備任何外寄生蟲的特征,。更重要的是,一個雄蟲長有寬大的翅膀,,顯然不符合寄生蟲的特征。因而恐怖蟲并不是外寄生蟲,。
通過詳細(xì)的化石解剖學(xué)研究,黃迪穎等認(rèn)為,,恐怖蟲和現(xiàn)代的蒼蠅、蚊子等同屬雙翅目,,是其中一個原始小類群——纓翅蚊科 (Nymphomyiidae)的近親。雖然恐怖蟲的一些形態(tài)細(xì)節(jié)和纓翅蚊相似,,但其雄蟲翅膀?qū)挻?,具有螯狀后足,腹部發(fā)育成對側(cè)葉,,看上去仍與纓翅蚊相 去甚遠(yuǎn)。有一種現(xiàn)生的沃氏纓翅蚊,,它翅脈特征和恐怖蟲十分相似,,更奇特的是它的腹部具有類似的側(cè)葉,且僅出現(xiàn)于雄蟲,。沃氏纓翅蚊具有獨(dú)特的生活方式,,它們 從蛹羽化后,不久便脫掉翅膀,,進(jìn)入水中交配,。幾十年內(nèi),生物學(xué)家只發(fā)現(xiàn)無翅個體,,它們雖然會飛,,但主要生活在水中。更有趣的是,,它們在水中死亡后還常保持 交配姿態(tài),。可能與現(xiàn)代纓翅蚊一樣,,恐怖蟲從蛹羽化后經(jīng)過短暫飛行就脫掉翅膀進(jìn)入水中交配,,因而帶翅膀的恐怖蟲非常罕見。它們口器退化并不取食,,成蟲僅有短 暫的生活周期,。它們死亡后仍能保持交配姿勢,。雄蟲的螯狀后足可能用于雄蟲間的爭斗,以奪取交配權(quán),。
生物學(xué)家對沃氏纓翅蚊腹部側(cè)葉的功能并不了解。黃迪穎等認(rèn)為恐怖蟲具有明顯的幼態(tài)持續(xù)現(xiàn)象,,腹部的側(cè)葉實(shí)際就是退化的鰓,。這展現(xiàn)了已發(fā)表的昆蟲化石中獨(dú)一無二的幼態(tài)持續(xù)現(xiàn)象。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nature11898
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Amphibious flies and paedomorphism in the Jurassic period
Diying Huang, André Nel, Chenyang Cai, Qibin Lin, Michael S. Engel
The species of the Strashilidae (strashilids) have been the most perplexing of fossil insects from the Jurassic period of Russia and China1, 2. They have been widely considered to be ectoparasites of pterosaurs or feathered dinosaurs, based on the putative presence of piercing and sucking mouthparts and hind tibio-basitarsal pincers purportedly used to fix onto the host’s hairs or feathers1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Both the supposed host and parasite occur in the Daohugou beds from the Middle Jurassic epoch of China (approximately 165 million years ago)7, 8. Here we analyse the morphology of strashilids from the Daohugou beds, and reach markedly different conclusions; namely that strashilids are highly specialized flies (Diptera) bearing large membranous wings, with substantial sexual dimorphism of the hind legs and abdominal extensions. The idea that they belong to an extinct order2 is unsupported, and the lineage can be placed within the true flies. In terms of major morphological and inferred behavioural features, strashilids resemble the recent (extant) and relict members of the aquatic fly family Nymphomyiidae. Their ontogeny are distinguished by the persistence in adult males of larval abdominal respiratory gills, representing a unique case of paedomorphism among endopterygote insects. Adult strashilids were probably aquatic or amphibious, shedding their wings after emergence and mating in the water.