據(jù)國外媒體報(bào)道,,機(jī)械齒輪普通存在于日常用品中,,從手表至汽車發(fā)動機(jī),但最新一項(xiàng)研究顯示,,“齒輪”結(jié)構(gòu)最早源于自然界,。
一種叫做“伊蘇斯蟲(Issus coleoptratus)”的昆蟲,擅長在植物之間跳躍,,被認(rèn)為是自然界首個(gè)具有功能性齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)的生物,。該昆蟲后腿的咬合齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)有助于它的腿部同步跳躍。
英國劍橋大學(xué)神經(jīng)生物學(xué)名譽(yù)教授馬爾科姆-布羅斯(Malcolm Burrows)說:“據(jù)我所知,,伊蘇斯蟲是自然界第一種具有齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)的生物,。”他和同事使用高速相機(jī)拍攝了伊蘇斯蟲的齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)運(yùn)行,當(dāng)它們準(zhǔn)備跳躍時(shí),,嚙合兩條腿上的齒輪齒,,就如同手槍扣上扳機(jī),之后它們以平滑爆發(fā)式動作實(shí)現(xiàn)彈跳,。
伊蘇斯蟲每條腿上有10-12個(gè)彎曲的齒輪齒,,事實(shí)上這種昆蟲的齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)最早發(fā)現(xiàn)于1957年,但并沒有人示范這種齒輪的功能性,。
昆蟲的后腿排列具有兩種方式,,草蜢和跳蚤的腿部移動與身體不在同一平面上,然而像蠟蟬等擅長跳躍的昆蟲,,腿部在身體下方,,與身體保持同一平面,為此蠟蟬的腿部需要緊密地?cái)n合在一起,。布羅斯說:“如果兩個(gè)腿之間存在輕微的時(shí)間差,,那么它的身體將開始旋轉(zhuǎn)。”
伊蘇斯蟲每條后腿的齒輪合拍運(yùn)動反應(yīng)時(shí)間在30微秒之內(nèi),,比中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)反應(yīng)時(shí)間更快,。目前,這項(xiàng)最新研究報(bào)告發(fā)表在《科學(xué)》雜志上,。
布羅斯使用一只死亡蠟蟬進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn),,當(dāng)他拽動一條后腿時(shí),它的兩條腿均快速延伸,。因此,,伊蘇斯蟲骨骼系統(tǒng)可協(xié)調(diào)同步兩條腿的彈跳動作,。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦的英文摘要
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1240284
Interacting Gears Synchronize Propulsive Leg Movements in a Jumping Insect
Malcolm Burrows†, Gregory Sutton*
Gears are found rarely in animals and have never been reported to intermesh and rotate functionally like mechanical gears. We now demonstrate functional gears in the ballistic jumping movements of the flightless planthopper insect Issus. The nymphs, but not adults, have a row of cuticular gear (cog) teeth around the curved medial surfaces of their two hindleg trochantera. The gear teeth on one trochanter engaged with and sequentially moved past those on the other trochanter during the preparatory cocking and the propulsive phases of jumping. Close registration between the gears ensured that both hindlegs moved at the same angular velocities to propel the body without yaw rotation. At the final molt to adulthood, this synchronization mechanism is jettisoned.