2013年10月7日,,《美國(guó)科學(xué)院院刊》在線發(fā)表了中科院古脊椎動(dòng)物與古人類研究所Jingmai O'Connor、Corwin Sullivan,、周忠和與山東臨沂大學(xué)王孝理、鄭曉廷,、張曉梅,,以及阿根廷學(xué)者Pablo Tubaro合作完成的一篇題為“熱河鳥奇特雙尾羽與早期鳥類尾羽演化的復(fù)雜性”的研究成果,。
熱河鳥是周忠和、張福成2002年在《自然》首次報(bào)道的一種發(fā)現(xiàn)于遼寧朝陽(yáng),,并且具有很長(zhǎng)尾骨骼的原始食種子的鳥類,。在已發(fā)現(xiàn)的鳥類中,,其原始性僅次于始祖鳥,,但它的尾椎的數(shù)量甚至比始祖鳥還多,是恐龍向鳥類演化的一種重要過(guò)渡類型,,對(duì)研究早期鳥類飛行和鳥類羽毛的早期演化過(guò)程十分關(guān)鍵,。
該研究基于山東天宇自然博物館、山東博物館,、中科院古脊椎動(dòng)物與古人類研究所收藏的多件熱河鳥的化石標(biāo)本,,對(duì)熱河鳥的尾羽進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的觀察和研究,,首次發(fā)現(xiàn)它具有奇特的雙尾羽構(gòu)造:前端發(fā)育5-6根類似于現(xiàn)代鳥類的扇狀尾羽,,而其尾端保留11-13根十分類似于一些帶羽毛恐龍(如尾羽龍,、小盜龍)的較為細(xì)長(zhǎng)的葉片狀的尾羽,。這一十分奇特的“雙尾羽”特征,,此前尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)于其他任何鳥類或帶羽毛的恐龍中,,表面上與一些性雙型的現(xiàn)代雄性鳥類很相象,。
該研究認(rèn)為,,前端的尾羽相對(duì)較粗,結(jié)合緊密,,可能主要是幫助鳥類的身體保持流線型,,減少飛行的阻力,;而后端的尾羽比較細(xì)弱、分散,,呈葉片狀,很可能主要具有裝飾性功能和性的選擇。
研究表明,,早期鳥類尾羽的演化不是過(guò)去認(rèn)為的從葉片狀向扇狀尾羽的簡(jiǎn)單轉(zhuǎn)變,。扇狀尾羽的出現(xiàn)顯然在鳥類尾椎數(shù)量減少并形成尾綜骨之前已經(jīng)開始出現(xiàn),。
依據(jù)空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)的功能研究結(jié)果,,研究人員還推測(cè),,特征總體比較進(jìn)步的熱河鳥依然具有比始祖鳥數(shù)量更多的尾椎(相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)的尾巴),,或許與其獨(dú)特的“雙尾羽”構(gòu)造有關(guān)。
該項(xiàng)研究得到了科技部973項(xiàng)目以及國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金等項(xiàng)目的支持(生物谷Bioon.com),。
生物谷推薦的英文摘要
Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America doi: 10.1073/pnas.1316979110
Unique caudal plumage of Jeholornis and complex tail evolution in early birds
Jingmai O’Connora,,1,, Xiaoli Wangb,,c, Corwin Sullivana,, Xiaoting Zhengb,c,, Pablo Tubarod, Xiaomei Zhangc,, and Zhonghe Zhoua,1
The Early Cretaceous bird Jeholornis was previously only known to have a distally restricted ornamental frond of tail feathers. We describe a previously unrecognized fan-shaped tract of feathers situated dorsal to the proximal caudal vertebrae. The position and morphology of these feathers is reminiscent of the specialized upper tail coverts observed in males of some sexually dimorphic neornithines. As in the neornithine tail, the unique “two-tail” plumage in Jeholornis probably evolved as the result of complex interactions between natural and sexual selective pressures and served both aerodynamic and ornamental functions. We suggest that the proximal fan would have helped to streamline the body and reduce drag whereas the distal frond was primarily ornamental. Jeholornis reveals that tail evolution was complex and not a simple progression from frond to fan.