樹皮蝎已知會造成動物界最疼痛的蜇傷,而沙居食蝗小鼠對此卻絲毫不知,。
據(jù)研究人員披露,,這些食蝗小鼠已經(jīng)演化出了一種針對該蝎子毒液的獨特抵抗力,使得它們能夠大啖該蛛形綱動物而不會感覺到被蜇痛,。這種類型的演化是罕見的,,因為疼痛信號一般來說在警示動物組織損傷或其它健康問題中扮演著如此重要的角色。(這就是為什么如此少的捕食動物會費力演化出針對它們的獵物所用的致痛性防御毒液的抵抗力,。)
Ashlee Rowe及其同事對樹皮蝎毒液對食蝗小鼠及普通的家鼠的作用進行了研究,。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),這些特別的毒素會抑制食蝗小鼠的感覺神經(jīng)元進行放電,,而其在家鼠中則會強烈地激活其感覺神經(jīng)元的放電,。Rowe及其他的研究人員設置了一系列的實驗來探索該蝎子毒素是如何影響2種知名的哺乳動物的疼痛受體的——它們是被稱作Na1.7 和NaV1.8的電壓門控鈉通道。
它們發(fā)現(xiàn),該蝎子毒液會激活家鼠(以及其它許多哺乳動物)而不是食蝗小鼠的NaV1.7,。在進行更仔細地觀察之后,,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,食蝗小鼠的NaV1.8通道含有某些可與樹皮蝎毒素結(jié)合的氨基酸變異株并能抑制附近包括NaV1.7的鈉通道,。
研究人員說,實際上,,將該食蝗小鼠獨特的防御機制與裸鼴鼠的防御機制進行比較,,裸鼴鼠的機制使其能抵御疼痛水平的二氧化碳,該樹皮蝎毒液似乎能暫時性地麻醉食蝗小鼠而使其不會感受所有類型的疼痛,。
一篇由Gary Lewin撰寫的《觀點欄目》文章更為詳細地解釋了這些發(fā)現(xiàn)及其在臨床上的一些意義,,突顯了諸多制藥公司希望能夠生產(chǎn)出新的止痛藥品的愿望,而且他們希望這種新藥品能夠像樹皮蝎毒素在食蝗小鼠身上那樣起到同樣的作用:即防止疼痛,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦的英文摘要
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1236451
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel in Grasshopper Mice Defends Against Bark Scorpion Toxin
Ashlee H. Rowe1,,Yucheng Xiao2,Matthew P. Rowe3,,Theodore R. Cummins2,, Harold H. Zakon1,4
Painful venoms are used to deter predators. Pain itself,, however,, can signal damage and thus serves an important adaptive function. Evolution to reduce general pain responses, although valuable for preying on venomous species,, is rare,, likely because it comes with the risk of reduced response to tissue damage. Bark scorpions capitalize on the protective pain pathway of predators by inflicting intensely painful stings. However, grasshopper mice regularly attack and consume bark scorpions,, grooming only briefly when stung. Bark scorpion venom induces pain in many mammals (house mice,, rats, humans) by activating the voltage-gated Na+ channel Nav1.7,, but has no effect on Nav1.8. Grasshopper mice Nav1.8 has amino acid variants that bind bark scorpion toxins and inhibit Na+ currents,, blocking action potential propagation and inducing analgesia. Thus, grasshopper mice have solved the predator-pain problem by using a toxin bound to a nontarget channel to block transmission of the pain signals the venom itself is initiating.