作為聯(lián)系生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)提供者和受益者,、整合生態(tài)保護與經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的有效途徑,生態(tài)補償在全球范圍內(nèi)得到廣泛應(yīng)用,,但目前對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)供給者,、受益者的成本效益以及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)供給者生計變化關(guān)注很少,影響著生態(tài)補償項目的公平性與效率,。尤其是生態(tài)補償項目參與者受到補償后的生計變化,,可能通過影響區(qū)域經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)和自然資本而最終改變項目的總體效果和可持續(xù)性。中國科學院生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心歐陽志云研究員的研究團隊和美國斯坦福大學Gretchen Daily教授,、美國明尼蘇達大學Stephen Polasky教授合作,,以2006年北京市和河北承德、張家口地區(qū)聯(lián)合在密云水庫流域?qū)嵤┑纳鷳B(tài)補償項目——“稻改旱”工程為例,,評估了該項目的成本,、效益及對農(nóng)戶生計的影響。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn):“稻改旱”項目是一個成功的生態(tài)補償項目,,“稻改旱”項目的成本效益比為1:1.5,,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)供給者和受益者的成本效益比分別為1:1.2和1:1.3,通過下游給上游地區(qū)經(jīng)濟補償,,促進上游地區(qū)土地利用改變,,進而促進水質(zhì)和水量改善。但項目實施后,,農(nóng)戶生計資本與生計活動也發(fā)生了兩方面的顯著變化,,一方面,項目參與農(nóng)戶家庭收入,、打工收入,、教育投入和物質(zhì)資本顯著增加,農(nóng)業(yè)用工顯著減少,、薪柴使用也呈減少趨勢,,生計資本和活動的這些變化有助于農(nóng)戶生計和流域生態(tài)環(huán)境改善,;另一方面,項目參與農(nóng)戶農(nóng)藥,、化肥投入顯著增加,。盡管因土地利用的變化而導致養(yǎng)分保持的凈效益是正的,但農(nóng)藥,、化肥投入的增加部分抵消了項目的預期目標,,并將會對地下水污染等帶來潛在風險。從長遠角度,,這將產(chǎn)生不利的環(huán)境影響,。
該研究為整合了農(nóng)戶生計變化開展生態(tài)補償研究提供了框架,,項目評估揭示了生態(tài)補償項目實施如何導致農(nóng)戶生計活動發(fā)生有利的或不利的環(huán)境后果,,強調(diào)了生態(tài)補償項目中考慮項目參與者行為變化的重要性,這在今后的生態(tài)補償項目設(shè)計,、評估,、農(nóng)戶生計與環(huán)境研究中具有重要的政策和方法應(yīng)用。生態(tài)補償項目政策設(shè)計者應(yīng)該仔細考慮合適的機制促進長期的,、有利的環(huán)境和生計后果,,避免或減小可能的不利影響。
該成果在線發(fā)表在國際著名綜合性期刊Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences上,,該研究得到國家自然科學基金,、城市與區(qū)域生態(tài)國家重點實驗室自主項目等資助。
生物谷推薦英文摘要:
PNAS doi:10.1073/pnas.1312324110
Benefits,, costs,, and livelihood implications of a regional payment for ecosystem service program
Hua Zhenga,1,, Brian E. Robinsonb,,c,1,, Yi-Cheng Liangc,, Stephen Polaskyb,c,,d,, Dong-Chun Mae, Feng-Chun Wange,, Mary Ruckelshausc,, Zhi-Yun Ouyanga,2,, and Gretchen C. Dailyc,,f,,2
Despite broad interest in using payment for ecosystem services to promote changes in the use of natural capital, there are few expost assessments of impacts of payment for ecosystem services programs on ecosystem service provision,, program cost,, and changes in livelihoods resulting from program participation. In this paper, we evaluate the Paddy Land-to-Dry Land (PLDL) program in Beijing,, China,, and associated changes in service providers’ livelihood activities. The PLDL is a land use conversion program that aims to protect water quality and quantity for the only surface water reservoir that serves Beijing, China’s capital city with nearly 20 million residents. Our analysis integrates hydrologic data with household survey data and shows that the PLDL generates benefits of improved water quantity and quality that exceed the costs of reduced agricultural output. The PLDL has an overall benefit–cost ratio of 1.5,, and both downstream beneficiaries and upstream providers gain from the program. Household data show that changes in livelihood activities may offset some of the desired effects of the program through increased expenditures on agricultural fertilizers. Overall,, however, reductions in fertilizer leaching from land use change dominate so that the program still has a positive net impact on water quality. This program is a successful example of water users paying upstream landholders to improve water quantity and quality through land use change. Program evaluation also highlights the importance of considering behavioral changes by program participants.