據(jù)國(guó)外媒體報(bào)道,,日本科學(xué)家最近通過改變老鼠的基因,培育出了一只不怕貓的老鼠,。在科學(xué)家展示的照片中,,一只褐色老鼠離一只貓不到一英寸,在貓的身邊嗅來嗅去,。
日本研究人員認(rèn)為,,恐懼可能與嗅覺有關(guān),只需通過關(guān)閉大腦中的某些感受器便可以克服恐懼,。在用老鼠所做的一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,,研究人員確認(rèn)并移除了老鼠大腦嗅球上的某些感受器,結(jié)果這些老鼠變成了一群無所畏懼的嚙齒動(dòng)物,。
東京大學(xué)生物物理學(xué)與生物化學(xué)系的Hitoshi Sakano說:“它們察覺到了天敵的氣味…比如一只貓,、一只狐貍或雪豹的尿,但它們不會(huì)顯示出任何恐懼,。它們甚至表現(xiàn)出非常強(qiáng)烈的好奇心,但它們無法辨別那種氣味是一種危險(xiǎn)信號(hào),。所以這些老鼠和貓?jiān)谝黄鸱浅i_心,。他們和貓一起玩。但在拍下這些照片之前,,我們必須把貓喂飽,。”
長(zhǎng)期以來,科學(xué)家們一直認(rèn)為,動(dòng)物的恐懼可能是由它們靈敏的嗅覺喚起的,。但這還是科學(xué)家首次發(fā)現(xiàn)嗅覺察覺以及它如何轉(zhuǎn)化成恐懼出現(xiàn)在嗅球的不同部位,。Sakano說:“我們的大腦如何理解這種氣味信息呢?我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在哺乳動(dòng)物的身體系統(tǒng)中有兩條線,,一條是天生的,,另一條與后天學(xué)習(xí)探測(cè)嗅覺有關(guān)。”
Sakano和他的同事將老鼠分成兩組,,一組沒有轉(zhuǎn)化氣味信息的感受器,,另一組則沒有探測(cè)氣味的感受器。然后,,研究人員讓這些老鼠接觸到象雪豹和狐貍之類的天敵的尿,。Sakano說:“第一組老鼠不停地嗅,轉(zhuǎn)來轉(zhuǎn)去顯示出極強(qiáng)的好奇心,,但它們永遠(yuǎn)不知道危險(xiǎn)的存在,。”至于第二組,Sakano說:“它們?cè)诓煊X氣味方面很差勁,,不過它們一察覺到狐貍的尿味就馬上嚇得不敢動(dòng)了并裝死,。它們?cè)诓煊X氣味,識(shí)別并將察覺到的信息與它們的記憶結(jié)合起來方面很差,。它們動(dòng)作遲緩,。不過一旦察覺到,它們馬上就能辨別出這種危險(xiǎn),。”
老鼠擁有大約1000個(gè)嗅覺感受器基因,,而人類只有400個(gè)起作用的和大約800個(gè)不活躍的嗅覺感受器基因。他說:“我們的嗅覺很差,。我們無法區(qū)分開今年的酒和去年的酒,。”(楊孝文)
對(duì)正常小鼠來說,只要一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的雪豹(snow leopard,,貓科動(dòng)物)尿液就能使它們渾身顫抖,,落荒而逃。日本科學(xué)家近日通過實(shí)驗(yàn)去除小鼠的一組關(guān)鍵嗅覺細(xì)胞后,,發(fā)現(xiàn)它們不再對(duì)雪豹尿液等氣味感到害怕,。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)有助于科學(xué)家深入理解嗅覺的內(nèi)在機(jī)制。相關(guān)論文11月7日在線發(fā)表于《自然》雜志上,。
哺乳動(dòng)物的嗅覺神經(jīng)元位于鼻腔的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)——嗅覺上皮細(xì)胞中,。嗅覺上皮細(xì)胞具有背腹兩側(cè),嗅覺神經(jīng)元在這兩側(cè)區(qū)域具有不同的作用機(jī)制,,但科學(xué)家一直對(duì)其所知甚少,。
在最新的研究中,,日本東京大學(xué)的神經(jīng)學(xué)家Hitoshi Sakano和同事通過基因工程手段,去除了小鼠嗅覺上皮細(xì)胞背側(cè)的嗅覺神經(jīng)元,,并測(cè)試了它們對(duì)一系列氣味的反應(yīng),。
結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),正常小鼠被花生醬和小鼠氣味所吸引,,對(duì)狐貍腺體,、雪豹尿液等氣味則唯恐避之不及;而去除了嗅覺神經(jīng)元的小鼠對(duì)花生醬等氣味并不怎么感興趣,,對(duì)雪豹尿液等氣味也并不怎么厭惡,。不過通過學(xué)習(xí),這些改造小鼠仍然能夠?qū)W會(huì)厭惡這些氣味,。
研究人員總結(jié)說,,這一實(shí)驗(yàn)表明氣味是通過不同的途徑到達(dá)大腦的,即嗅覺上皮細(xì)胞背側(cè)嗅覺神經(jīng)元負(fù)責(zé)傳輸天生的恐懼反應(yīng),,而腹側(cè)神經(jīng)元負(fù)責(zé)后天學(xué)習(xí)的反應(yīng),。
美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)的神經(jīng)學(xué)家Catherine Dulac認(rèn)為,該研究在解釋氣味怎樣轉(zhuǎn)化成行動(dòng)方面邁出了一大步,。Sakano表示,,人類可能擁有與小鼠相似的辨別氣味的系統(tǒng),不過后天的學(xué)習(xí)有時(shí)會(huì)否決先天的反應(yīng),。他舉例說,,雖然納豆(Natto)具有腐臭氣味,但在東京仍然相當(dāng)受歡迎,。這是因?yàn)?,雖然先天的反應(yīng)告訴我們納豆氣味有害,不要去吃,,但是很多人還是通過聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)會(huì)了喜歡它,。(科學(xué)網(wǎng) 梅進(jìn)/編譯)
原始出處:
Nature advance online publication 7 November 2007 | doi:10.1038/nature06281; Received 3 August 2007; Accepted 14 September 2007; Published online 7 November 2007
Innate versus learned odour processing in the mouse olfactory bulb
Ko Kobayakawa1,6, Reiko Kobayakawa1,6, Hideyuki Matsumoto2, Yuichiro Oka1, Takeshi Imai1, Masahito Ikawa3, Masaru Okabe3, Toshio Ikeda4, Shigeyoshi Itohara4, Takefumi Kikusui5, Kensaku Mori2 & Hitoshi Sakano1
Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, The Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Correspondence to: Hitoshi Sakano1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to H.S. (Email: [email protected]).
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory system mediates various responses, including aversive behaviours to spoiled foods and fear responses to predator odours. In the olfactory bulb, each glomerulus represents a single species of odorant receptor. Because a single odorant can interact with several different receptor species, the odour information received in the olfactory epithelium is converted to a topographical map of multiple glomeruli activated in distinct areas in the olfactory bulb. To study how the odour map is interpreted in the brain, we generated mutant mice in which olfactory sensory neurons in a specific area of the olfactory epithelium are ablated by targeted expression of the diphtheria toxin gene. Here we show that, in dorsal-zone-depleted mice, the dorsal domain of the olfactory bulb was devoid of glomerular structures, although second-order neurons were present in the vacant areas. The mutant mice lacked innate responses to aversive odorants, even though they were capable of detecting them and could be conditioned for aversion with the remaining glomeruli. These results indicate that, in mice, aversive information is received in the olfactory bulb by separate sets of glomeruli, those dedicated for innate and those for learned responses.