人類對動物進行馴服,使它們?yōu)槿祟惙?,但并不是所有的動物都能被成功馴服,,比如非洲水牛等,日前,,科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)了動物“馴服”基因 ,,未來可通過基因改變,馴服非洲水牛等動物。
這可能是動物育種中的一個新的突破,。來自德國,、俄羅斯和 瑞典的一組科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)了一套負責動物“馴服”的遺傳基因。關 于這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的報告刊登在最新一期的《遺傳學》雜志上,。動物“ 馴服”基因的發(fā)現(xiàn)可幫助家畜育種家,、農(nóng)民、動物學家和任何飼 養(yǎng)動物的人更好地飼養(yǎng)動物,,更充分地了解動物所需,,改善動物 與人類的互動關系,也可能得到更精確的育種戰(zhàn)略,,旨在通過改 變特定基因,,一代一代傳下去,以飼養(yǎng)馴服型的動物,。
報告合著者之一,、德國普朗克學院人類學家弗蘭克·艾伯特( Frank Albert)說:“我希望我們的研究將最終能夠詳細地了解 關于動物“馴服”的遺傳學和生物學知識。那樣我們就可以馴化 幾個在人類歷史上沒有成功馴化的物種,,如野生非洲水牛,。 ”
關于這項研究的歷史可追溯到1972年,前蘇聯(lián)(現(xiàn)俄羅斯) 新西伯利亞的一組研究人員當時在城市近郊抓了一大群野生老鼠 ,,在實驗室中,,研究人員把老鼠分為兩組,第一組包括一些“友 好”的,、不會咄咄逼人的老鼠,;第二組包括一些會尖叫、攻擊研 究人員的老鼠,。之后,,這些老鼠發(fā)育繁殖,經(jīng)過一段時間后,, 這兩組老鼠的行為完全不同,。“溫和”組的老鼠生育的老鼠也很 溫和,能容忍被觸摸,、被提起來,,從不會攻擊人。侵略型老鼠的 后代也會尖叫,、逃跑,、攻擊并咬傷人。由于研究的需要,,科學家 們把馴服型的老鼠和侵略型的老鼠這兩組老鼠進行了交配,,生下 的子女要么更加馴服,要么更加富于侵略性,從中確定出了老鼠的馴服基因,。
“千百年來,,人類馴服了無數(shù)的家畜,”《遺傳學》雜志的 主編馬克·約翰斯頓說,,“在此期間,,許多民間傳說和神話賦予 馴化神化以色彩,事實上遺傳學在馴化動物的過程中發(fā)揮了很大的 作用,,這一研究為這一現(xiàn)象提供了可靠的科學依據(jù),,并可通過基 因改變,馴服非洲水牛等以前不能馴服的動物,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Genetics, Vol. 182, 541-554, June 2009,doi:10.1534/genetics.109.102186
Genetic Architecture of Tameness in a Rat Model of Animal Domestication
Frank W. Albert*,1, ?rjan Carlborg, Irina Plyusnina, Francois Besnier, Daniela Hedwig*, Susann Lautenschl?ger*, Doreen Lorenz*, Jenny McIntosh*, Christof Neumann*, Henning Richter*, Claudia Zeising*, Rimma Kozhemyakina, Olesya Shchepina, Jürgen Kratzsch, Lyudmila Trut, Daniel Teupser, Joachim Thiery, Torsten Sch?neberg**, Leif Andersson, and Svante P??bo*,
* Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, ** Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden and Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
1 Corresponding author: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Evolutionary Genetics, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
A common feature of domestic animals is tameness—i.e., they tolerate and are unafraid of human presence and handling. To gain insight into the genetic basis of tameness and aggression, we studied an intercross between two lines of rats (Rattus norvegicus) selected over >60 generations for increased tameness and increased aggression against humans, respectively. We measured 45 traits, including tameness and aggression, anxiety-related traits, organ weights, and levels of serum components in >700 rats from an intercross population. Using 201 genetic markers, we identified two significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) for tameness. These loci overlap with QTL for adrenal gland weight and for anxiety-related traits and are part of a five-locus epistatic network influencing tameness. An additional QTL influences the occurrence of white coat spots, but shows no significant effect on tameness. The loci described here are important starting points for finding the genes that cause tameness in these rats and potentially in domestic animals in general.