近日,,賓夕法尼亞大學心理學家Elika Bergelson和Daniel Swingley 開展一項針對6到9個月大的嬰兒的研究,,并指出:通過日常的語音活動,,嬰兒學習有關食物和軀體的詞語意義。這項研究發(fā)表在這周的《國家科學院》(PNAS)期刊上,。研究指出,,當處于僅能發(fā)出“ba-ba”和“da-da”語音的年齡時,嬰兒能理解一些常見事物的詞語,。
這項研究推翻了之前人們對嬰兒學習所持有的認識:6到9歲的嬰兒雖然能感知和理解語音,,但不能掌握語音傳達的意義。大多數(shù)心理學家認為,,直到快接近1歲生日,,嬰兒的語言理解能力才會出現(xiàn),。
據(jù)Bergelson稱,嬰兒經(jīng)常被看作是“語音前體”,,但是很少研究驗證嬰兒何時開始理解語音的特定意義,。考慮到嬰兒在10或11個月前經(jīng)常不說詞語,,甚至連有意義的姿勢都沒有,,人們很容易認為在第一年的大多數(shù)時間內(nèi)嬰兒不能理解語音。
為了驗證這一想法,,Bergelson 和 Swingley 招募護理人員,,讓她們把各自的孩子帶到實驗室去完成2個不同的實驗。第1組,,嬰兒坐在護理人員的大腿上,,目視著能夠顯示食品和軀干圖像的屏幕。護理人員帶著頭戴式耳機,,聽到諸如“看蘋果”或“蘋果在哪里?”的語音,,然后向嬰兒重述,,她們還帶著頭盔以避免看到視屏。視覺捕捉裝置能辨別嬰兒注視的方向和時間,,并能跟蹤他們的視線,;另1組實驗具有相同的步驟,不同之處是屏幕上呈現(xiàn)著自然環(huán)境中的物體(如食物放在桌上或人體形象)而非食品和軀體,。當聽到關于屏幕上事物的詞語時,,嬰兒如果把目光長久停留在該事物上,就表明他們能聽懂,。
Bergelson 和Swingley 共檢測了33個6到9個月大的嬰兒,,此外,研究人員還用10到20個大的嬰兒完成相同的測試,,用以比較這2個年齡段在語音辨別的能力,。
作為分析的一部分,Bergelson 和Swingley糾正了與言語無關的視覺運動,;不管父母怎么說,,對嬰兒而言,一些事物總是比另一些事物有趣,。例如,,在無趣的和色彩絢麗的杯之間嬰兒會更多地看后者。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,6到9個月大的嬰兒把目光更多地鎖定在有名稱的圖像上,,這表明他們能理解與特定事物相關的詞語,。該研究首次證實這個年齡段的嬰兒能理解這類詞語。
Swingley稱:“之前的研究是對于mommy 和 daddy等詞語的理解,,而對類,、屬性詞語的較多使用是我們研究的不同之處。”
Bergelson 和 Swingley希望發(fā)現(xiàn)6到9個月大的嬰兒存在學習模式,,但是,,對6個月、7個月和8個月,、9個月的嬰兒進行比較,,研究人員沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何提高。Swingley稱:“這是一個驚奇的結果,,我們不知道在這一段時間內(nèi)為什么保持同一水平的理解能力,。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1113380109
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TAt 6–9 months, human infants know the meanings of many common nouns
Elika Bergelson and Daniel Swingleya
It is widely accepted that infants begin learning their native language not by learning words, but by discovering features of the speech signal: consonants, vowels, and combinations of these sounds. Learning to understand words, as opposed to just perceiving their sounds, is said to come later, between 9 and 15 mo of age, when infants develop a capacity for interpreting others’ goals and intentions. Here, we demonstrate that this consensus about the developmental sequence of human language learning is flawed: in fact, infants already know the meanings of several common words from the age of 6 mo onward. We presented 6- to 9-mo-old infants with sets of pictures to view while their parent named a picture in each set. Over this entire age range, infants directed their gaze to the named pictures, indicating their understanding of spoken words. Because the words were not trained in the laboratory, the results show that even young infants learn ordinary words through daily experience with language. This surprising accomplishment indicates that, contrary to prevailing beliefs, either infants can already grasp the referential intentions of adults at 6 mo or infants can learn words before this ability emerges. The precocious discovery of word meanings suggests a perspective in which learning vocabulary and learning the sound structure of spoken language go hand in hand as language acquisition begins.