美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞醫(yī)學(xué)院的科學(xué)家們制造出了能夠連接病人神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和思維控制的假肢的生物介面，為最終實(shí)現(xiàn)能夠用大腦驅(qū)動(dòng)的機(jī)器奠定了基礎(chǔ),。他們的結(jié)果發(fā)表在最新的《Neurosurgery》上。
?文章的第一作者,，賓夕法尼亞腦損傷修復(fù)中心主任,、神經(jīng)外科教授Douglas Smith, M.D.說(shuō)：“我們正站在發(fā)展新的腦-機(jī)器介面的岔道口上。如果直接把電極植入來(lái)收集信號(hào),，神經(jīng)細(xì)胞肯定會(huì)反抗,。但是，我們可以欺騙神經(jīng)細(xì)胞去做它喜歡做的事——吸收新的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞進(jìn)入已有網(wǎng)絡(luò),。”
?為了發(fā)展出新一代的假肢,，科學(xué)家們提出使用未損壞的神經(jīng)組織來(lái)提供命令信號(hào)，從而驅(qū)動(dòng)如假肢的裝置,。而為了使假肢表現(xiàn)得更自然,，需要假肢和人腦的雙向交流,。即病人的思維能夠變?yōu)樯窠?jīng)信號(hào)來(lái)移動(dòng)假肢，而假肢上的探測(cè)到的熱,、壓力等信號(hào)也能夠反饋給人腦從而采取相應(yīng)的動(dòng)作,。
?這個(gè)小組提出的介面的特點(diǎn)是制造出能夠移植的已經(jīng)與電極耦合在一起的活的神經(jīng)組織。這些實(shí)驗(yàn)室生長(zhǎng)出的神經(jīng)組織一端連接病人神經(jīng),，另一端連接電極,，就可以把使人腦和機(jī)器進(jìn)行雙向的交流,。
?Smith說(shuō)：“這個(gè)系統(tǒng)將來(lái)有希望能使因脊柱損傷而癱瘓的,、斷肢的和其他許多殘疾病人重新得到失去的身體功能。”
?為了制造出這種介面,，科學(xué)家們使用了一種他們新發(fā)展出來(lái)的拉伸生長(zhǎng)法來(lái)生長(zhǎng)神經(jīng)軸突,。他們生長(zhǎng)出了一端連接電極的神經(jīng)組織，并已經(jīng)證明了這種介面能夠被移植到小鼠的腦內(nèi),。 (physorg.com)
作者簡(jiǎn)介：
Douglas Smith, M.D.
Professor
113 Hayden Hall/3320 Smith Walk
Department of Neurosurgery
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Phone: 215-573-0881
[email protected]
Smith Neurotrauma Lab
Center for Brain Injury & Repair
Publications
Chen, X.H., Meaney, D.F., Xu, B.N., Nonaka, M., McIntosh, T.K., Wolf, J.A., Saatman, K.E., Smith, D.H. Evolution of neurofilament subtype accumulation in axons following diffuse brain injury in the pig. J.Neuropath.Exp.Neurol. 58:588-596, 1999.
Shreiber, D.I., Smith, D.H., Meaney, D.F. Immediate in vivo response of the cortex and the blood-brain barrier following dynamic cortical deformation in the rat. Neurosci Letts. 259(1):5-a8, 1999.
McGowan, J.C., McCormack, T.M., Grossman, R.I., Chen, X.H., Berlin, J.A., Meaney, D.F., Xu, B.N., McIntosh, T.K., Smith, D.H. Diffuse axonal pathology detected with magnetization transfer imaging following brain injury in the pig. Mag.Res.Med. 41:727-733, 1999
Shreiber, D.I., Bain, A.C., Ross, D.T., Smith, D.H., Gennarelli, T.A., McIntosh, T.K., Meaney, D.F. Experimental investigation of cerebral contusion: histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of dynamic cortical deformation. J.Neuropathol.Exp.Neurol. 58:153-164, 1999.
Smith, D.H., Chen, X.H., Nonaka, M., Trojanowski, J.Q., Lee, V.M.Y., Saatman, K.E., Leoni, M.J., Xu, B.N., Wolf, J.A., Meaney, D.F. Accumulation of amyloid b and tau and the formation of neurofilament inclusions following diffuse brain injury in the pig. J.Neuropath.Exp.Neurol. 58 (9):982-992, 1999.
Nonaka, M., Chen, X.H., Pierce, J.E.S., Leoni, M., Wolf, J.A., Smith, D.H. Prolonged activation of NF-kB following traumatic brain injury in rats. J. Neurotrauma 16:1023-1034, 1999.
Nakagawa Y., Nakamura, M., Rodriguez, A., Berlin, J.A., Smith, D.H., Saatman, K.E., Raghupathi, R., Clemens, J., Saido, T.C., Schmidt, M.L., Lee,V.M.Y., McIntosh, T.K., Trojanowski, J.Q. Traumatic brain injury in young PDAPP transgenic mice induces marked ipsilateral hippocampal atrophy and diminished Ab deposition during aging. J.Comp. Neurol. 411:390-398, 1999.
Smith, D.H., Wolf, J.A., Lusardi, T.A., Lee, V.M.Y., Meaney, D.F. High tolerance and delayed elastic response of cultured axons to dynamic stretch injury. J.Neurosci. 19 (11), 4263-4269, 1999
Smith, D.H., Nonaka, M., Miller, R. Leoni, M., Chen, X.-H., Alsop, D., Meaney, D.F. Immediate Coma following inertial brain injury in dependent on axonal pathology in the brain stem. J.Neurosurgery, 93:315-322, 2000.
Leoni, M.J., Chen, X-H, Mueller, A.L., McIntosh, T.K., Cheney, J. Smith, D.H., NPS 1506 attenuates cognitive dysfunction and hippocampal neuron death following brain trauma in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 165, 2000.
Nakagawa Y, Reed L, Nakamura M, McIntosh TK, Smith D.H., Saatman KE, Raghupathi R, Clemens J, Saido TC, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Brain trauma in aged transgenic mice induces regression of established abeta deposits. Exp Neurol. 163(1):244-52, 2000.
Wolf, J.A., Stys, P.K., Lusardi, T., Meaney. D.F., Smith, D.H. Traumatic axonal injury induces calcium influx modulated by tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels. J. Neurosci. 21 (6), 2001
Smith, D.H., Wolf, J.A., Meaney, D.F. A new system to produce sustained growth of central nervous system axons: Continuous mechanical tension. Tissue Engineering 7(2) 131-138, 2001.
Stein, S.C., Chen, C-H, Sinson, G.P., Smith, D.H. Intravascular Coagulation is a Major Secondary Insult in Nonfatal Traumatic Brain Injury. J. Neurosurg. 97: 1373-1377, 2002.
Smith, D.H., Meaney, D.F. Roller Coasters, G forces, and Brain Trauma: Analysis of head accelerations. J. Neurotrauma 19 (10) 1117-1120, 2002
Iwata A., Chen X-H, McIntosh T.K., Browne K.D., Smith, D.H. Long-term accumulation of amyloid- in axons following brain trauma in rats without persistent upregulation of amyloid precursor protein genes. J.Neuropathol.Exp.Neurol, 61: 1201-1210, 2002.
Lusardi, T.A., Smith, D.H., Wolf, J.A., Meaney D.F. The separate roles of calcium and mechanical forces in mediating cell death in mechanically injured neurons. Biorheology 40:401-409, 2002.
Saatman, K.E., Abai, B., Grosvenor, A., Vorwerk, C., Smith, D.H. Meaney, D.F. Traumatic Axonal Injury Results in Biphasic Calpain Activation and Retrograde Transport Impairment in Mice. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab, 23 (1)3:34-2, 2003
Maxwell, W. L., Dhillon, K., Harper, L, Espin, K, MacIntosh, T.K., Smith D.H., Graham, D.I. There Is Differential Loss of Pyramidal Cells from the Human Hippocampus with Survival after Blunt Head Injury J.Neuropathol.Exp.Neurol,. 62( 3) 272279, 2003.
Smith, D.H., Chen, X-H, Iwata, A, Graham D.I. Amyloid- in axons after traumatic brain injury in humans. J. Neurosurg, 98:1072-1077, 2003.
Chen, X-H, Iwata, A., Nonaka, M., Browne, K.D., Smith, D.H. Neurogenesis and glial proliferation persist for at least one year in the subventricular zone following brain trauma in rats. J. Neurotrauma, 20(7):623-631, 2003.
Stein, S, Graham, D.I. Chen, X-H, Smith, D.H. Association between intravascular microthrombosis and cerebral ischemia in traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery, 54(4) 2004.
Lusardi, T.A., Wolf, J.A., Putt, M., Smith, D.H., Meaney, D.F.Massive Calcium Influx Following Mechanical Stretch Injury is Uncoupled from Hippocampal Neuron Death. J. Neurotrauma, 2004 Jan;21(1):61-72..
Chen X-H, Siman R, Iwata A, Meaney DF, Trojanowski JQ, Smith DH. Long-term Accumulation of Amyloid-, -secretase, Presenilin-1, and Caspase-3 in Damaged Axons Following Brain Trauma, Am. J. Pathol. In press
Iwata, A, Stys, PK, Wolf, JA, Chen, X-H, Taylor, AG, Meaney, DF, Smith, DH. Traumatic Axonal Injury Induces Proteolytic Cleavage of the Voltage-gated Sodium Channels Modulated by Tetrodotoxin and Protease Inhibitors. J Neurosci.in press.
