眼球不間斷的顫動有助于我們更清楚的認識這個世界,。(圖中黃線表示眼球顫動軌跡)
生物谷:當你一個人行走在大森林里時會有什么感覺,?害怕失去方向?先別慌,,眼睛微小而不自覺的運動會幫你找到前進的方向,。美國科學家最新的研究表明,,凝視物體時眼球的顫動能夠幫助大腦更好地分辨影像的細節(jié)。該發(fā)現(xiàn)向解決眼動的作用這一困擾科學家50余年的難題邁出了堅實的一步,。相關(guān)研究論文發(fā)表在6月14日的《自然》雜志上,。
我們知道很多種動物,比如猴子,、貓,,包括人都具有銳利的中心視覺(central vision),當他們凝視物體時,,眼球會作出精微的調(diào)整,,這些調(diào)整會使圖像在視網(wǎng)膜上顫動。至于為什么會這樣,,科學家知之甚少,。在上世紀50年代,曾有視覺專家對此做過研究,。他們利用轉(zhuǎn)動的鏡子來抵消受試者盯視圖像時眼球的顫動,,這使得受試者開始關(guān)注無特色的灰暗區(qū)域,而將圖像拋之一邊,。研究人員據(jù)此認為,,眼動的作用在于保持圖像不消退。但是,,眼動是否還有其它功能以及眼球怎樣行使這些功能(如果有的話)仍舊是未解之謎,。
在最新的研究中,美國波士頓大學的神經(jīng)科學家Michele Rucci及其同事利用電腦追蹤方法,,重新對眼動進行了研究,。他們在監(jiān)控器上對6名受試者分別示以兩個不同的圖像。這兩個圖像均具有灰暗的背景,,不同處在于位于其中間的傾斜線條,,一個粗大濃密,一個窄小精細,。在每一個試驗里,,電腦或是保持圖像不動,或是令其隨著受試者眼球的顫動而前后轉(zhuǎn)動,。受試者則需要告訴研究人員圖像中的線條向哪一方傾斜,。
結(jié)果與以前的研究完全不同。當注視帶有濃密線條的圖像時,,不論圖像轉(zhuǎn)動與否,,受試者都能辨別出線條的傾斜方向。而當注視轉(zhuǎn)動著的線條較細的圖像時,他們辨別線條傾斜方向的能力卻下降了16%,。Rucci表示,,這一結(jié)果表明,眼動能幫助大腦挑選細節(jié),,例如尋找到森林里某一棵樹以及灌木從中的一個漿果等,。他說:“視覺不比相機,拍下一張照片大腦就會處理它,。觀察的過程影響著你最終看到的東西,。”
來自美國索爾克生物學研究所(Salk Institute for Biological Studies)的神經(jīng)科學家Richard Krauzlis表示,此次研究令人信服地說明了眼動在辨別細節(jié)上的作用,。他說,,視覺專家對于眼動的測量和歸類很在行,而對于它們作用的闡釋卻很外行,。所以,,Rucci的研究對于這一難題的最終解決作出了令人鼓舞的貢獻。(引自科學網(wǎng) )
原始出處:
Nature 447, 852-855 (14 June 2007) | doi:10.1038/nature05866; Received 5 March 2007; Accepted 18 April 2007
Miniature eye movements enhance fine spatial detail
Michele Rucci1, Ramon Iovin1, Martina Poletti1 & Fabrizio Santini1
Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
Correspondence to: Michele Rucci1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.R. (Email: [email protected]).
Summary
Our eyes are constantly in motion. Even during visual fixation, small eye movements continually jitter the location of gaze1, 2, 3, 4. It is known that visual percepts tend to fade when retinal image motion is eliminated in the laboratory5, 6, 7, 8, 9. However, it has long been debated whether, during natural viewing, fixational eye movements have functions in addition to preventing the visual scene from fading10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. In this study, we analysed the influence in humans of fixational eye movements on the discrimination of gratings masked by noise that has a power spectrum similar to that of natural images. Using a new method of retinal image stabilization18, we selectively eliminated the motion of the retinal image that normally occurs during the intersaccadic intervals of visual fixation. Here we show that fixational eye movements improve discrimination of high spatial frequency stimuli, but not of low spatial frequency stimuli. This improvement originates from the temporal modulations introduced by fixational eye movements in the visual input to the retina, which emphasize the high spatial frequency harmonics of the stimulus. In a natural visual world dominated by low spatial frequencies, fixational eye movements appear to constitute an effective sampling strategy by which the visual system enhances the processing of spatial detail.