由于學(xué)習(xí)和建立新記憶的能力對人類生存及認知至關(guān)重要,,近日,來自加拿大麥克吉爾大學(xué)蒙特利爾神經(jīng)學(xué)研究所和美國加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校的研究人員共同進行了一項研究,,首次對作為長期記憶形成基礎(chǔ)的蛋白質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)譯機理圖像進行了成功捕獲。相關(guān)研究發(fā)表在近期出版的《科學(xué)》雜志上。
這一圖像也為新記憶形成中新蛋白在突觸內(nèi)的形成提供了視覺依據(jù),,對理解記憶痕跡的產(chǎn)生和了解實時監(jiān)控能力十分重要,可為人們了解記憶形成的始末提供詳細依據(jù),。
當(dāng)從分子水平對大腦活動進行考量時,,長期信息存儲的穩(wěn)定性以及高度的靈活、適應(yīng)性這兩個記憶的本質(zhì)屬性就必須被納入其中,。因此,,此項研究的重點就放在了突觸上。突觸是大腦內(nèi)部信息交換和儲存的重要場所,,它們構(gòu)成了大量經(jīng)常變化的神經(jīng)連接網(wǎng)絡(luò),。這一網(wǎng)絡(luò)的可變和順應(yīng)能力被稱為“突觸可塑性”,是學(xué)習(xí)和記憶的基點,。
神經(jīng)學(xué)家韋恩·索辛博士認為,,如果這一網(wǎng)絡(luò)不斷改變,記憶的形成和儲存就成了問題,。一段時間以來,,人們所知的長期記憶形成中重要的一步就是“轉(zhuǎn)譯”,或是在突觸內(nèi)產(chǎn)生新的蛋白,,以在增強記憶的過程中加固突觸的連接,,但之前一直未有圖像能揭示這一過程。他指出,,使用易被探知和追蹤的熒光蛋白作為轉(zhuǎn)譯的記錄媒介,,能使我們直接看到記憶形成中逐漸增加的局部轉(zhuǎn)譯或蛋白合成。更重要的是,,這種轉(zhuǎn)譯是突觸特有的,,其對“突觸后”細胞的活性有所要求。具體表現(xiàn)在這一步驟需要兩個神經(jīng)元在突觸相交的部分,,即“突觸前”和“突觸后”的合作,,因此高度規(guī)范的局部轉(zhuǎn)譯就發(fā)生在突觸長期的塑性之中。
長期記憶和突觸可塑性要求基因表達有所改變,這種變化也會以突觸特別的方式所呈現(xiàn),。研究表明,,神經(jīng)元在塑性過程中調(diào)和基因表達的機制,與在受激突觸上規(guī)范的信使RNA轉(zhuǎn)譯有關(guān),。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)對在長期記憶形成過程中涉及的分子進程的建立有所幫助,,并將給治療與記憶障礙有關(guān)的疾病帶來新的啟示。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Science 19 June 2009:DOI: 10.1126/science.1173205
Synapse- and Stimulus-Specific Local Translation During Long-Term Neuronal Plasticity
Dan Ohtan Wang,1 Sang Mok Kim,1,2 Yali Zhao,1 Hongik Hwang,1 Satoru K. Miura,3 Wayne S. Sossin,6 Kelsey C. Martin1,3,4,5,*
Long-term memory and synaptic plasticity require changes in gene expression and yet can occur in a synapse-specific manner. Messenger RNA localization and regulated translation at synapses are thus critical for establishing synapse specificity. Using live-cell microscopy of photoconvertible fluorescent protein translational reporters, we directly visualized local translation at synapses during long-term facilitation of Aplysia sensory-motor synapses. Translation of the reporter required multiple applications of serotonin, was spatially restricted to stimulated synapses, was transcript- and stimulus-specific, and occurred during long-term facilitation but not during long-term depression of sensory-motor synapses. Translational regulation only occurred in the presence of a chemical synapse and required calcium signaling in the postsynaptic motor neuron. Thus, highly regulated local translation occurs at synapses during long-term plasticity and requires trans-synaptic signals.
1 Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles (UCLA), BSRB 390B, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1737, USA.
2 Interdepartmental Program in Neurosciences, UCLA, BSRB 390B, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1737, USA.
3 Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, BSRB 310, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1737, USA.
4 Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, BSRB 390B, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1737, USA.
5 Brain Research Institute, UCLA, BSRB 390B, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1737, USA.
6 Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A-2B4, Canada.