一些人認(rèn)為，人們總是可以從失敗中學(xué)到東西,，但大腦的工作原理似乎并非如此,。美國一項(xiàng)最新研究認(rèn)為，失敗的經(jīng)歷幾乎對大腦不起作用,，腦細(xì)胞從成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn)中學(xué)到更多東西,。
美國麻省理工學(xué)院的研究人員根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)中動物腦細(xì)胞的不同反應(yīng)得出以上結(jié)論。研究人員創(chuàng)設(shè)了一種獨(dú)特的“快照”系統(tǒng),，以反映腦細(xì)胞的學(xué)習(xí)過程,，在提供正確和錯(cuò)誤行為的信息后，實(shí)時(shí)拍下單個(gè)腦細(xì)胞的反應(yīng),。
研究人員在一份聲明中說：“腦細(xì)胞可以記錄近期的行為是否成功,。當(dāng)某一行為成功時(shí)，腦細(xì)胞會針對所學(xué)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行更加微細(xì)的調(diào)整,。而當(dāng)失敗發(fā)生時(shí),，腦部幾乎沒有發(fā)生任何變化，行為也沒有獲得改善,。”
這項(xiàng)研究成果刊登在美國《神經(jīng)元》月刊上,。（生物谷Bioon.com）
生物谷推薦原始出處：
Neuron, Volume 63, Issue 2, 244-253, 30 July 2009 doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.06.019
Learning Substrates in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum: Sustained Activity Related to Successful Actions
Mark H. Histed1,2,4,,,Anitha Pasupathy1,2,3andEarl K. Miller1
1 The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
2 These authors contributed equally to this work
3 Present address: Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
4 Present address: Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Learning from experience requires knowing whether a past action resulted in a desired outcome. The prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia are thought to play key roles in such learning of arbitrary stimulus-response associations. Previous studies have found neural activity in these areas, similar to dopaminergic neurons' signals, that transiently reflect whethera response is correct or incorrect. However, it is unclear how this transient activity, which fades in under a second, influences actions that occur much later. Here, we report that single neurons in both areas show sustained, persistent outcome-related responses. Moreover, single behavioral outcomes influence future neural activity and behavior: behavioral responses are more often correct and single neurons more accurately discriminate between the possible responses when the previous response was correct. These long-lasting signals about trial outcome provide a way to link one action to the next and may allow reward signals to be combined over time to implement successful learning.
