日本科學(xué)家13日在《細胞》雜志上發(fā)表研究文章稱,,新生腦細胞能破壞大腦海馬區(qū)的腦細胞之間的聯(lián)系,。海馬區(qū)是腦部和學(xué)習(xí)及記憶有關(guān)的區(qū)域??茖W(xué)家表示,,清除大腦舊有記憶能夠為學(xué)習(xí)新知識提供“空間”。
加拿大多倫多病患兒童醫(yī)院神經(jīng)科學(xué)家保羅-弗蘭科蘭表示,,此前已經(jīng)有科研人員提出神經(jīng)元的形成能夠清除舊有記憶的觀點,,但是日本科學(xué)家在《細胞》雜志發(fā)表的文章是首個找到證據(jù)證明這一觀點的研究。上個世紀50年代,,科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦中的“海馬區(qū)”在存儲信息的過程中扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色,,如果切除掉海馬區(qū),那么以前的記憶就會一同消失,??茖W(xué)家已經(jīng)知道記憶最初在大腦海馬區(qū)形成,而后轉(zhuǎn)移到大腦其他區(qū)域長期保存,。海馬體主要負責(zé)學(xué)習(xí)和記憶,,日常生活中的短期記憶都儲存在海馬體中,如果一個記憶片段,,比如一個電話號碼或者一個人在短時間內(nèi)被重復(fù)提及的話海馬體就會將其轉(zhuǎn)存入大腦皮層,,成為永久記憶。在一段時間內(nèi),,記憶在海馬區(qū)和腦部其他區(qū)域共存,。不過科學(xué)家仍未了解的是,經(jīng)過數(shù)月或數(shù)年后記憶是如何被從海馬區(qū)清除的,?海馬區(qū)的神經(jīng)細胞如何把信息固定下來,?
日本富山大學(xué)神經(jīng)學(xué)家井口薰和他的同事利用輻射和其他基因方法,阻止老鼠腦部神經(jīng)元形成,。這些老鼠被置于特別的籠子內(nèi),,科學(xué)家訓(xùn)練它們對輕微的電擊感到恐懼??茖W(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),,這些老鼠只能依賴海馬區(qū)喚回恐懼記憶。而對比組老鼠,,大腦神經(jīng)元的形成并未受到阻滯,,它們能夠“跳過”海馬區(qū)從腦部長期儲存中找回恐懼記憶。 科研人員還發(fā)現(xiàn),,通過一些有助于神經(jīng)元形成的運動,,老鼠的舊有記憶從海馬區(qū)被清除的速度加快。不過井口薰表示,,研究結(jié)果并不意味著新生神經(jīng)元在大腦形成新記憶方面不必要,。
科研人員還探討了神經(jīng)元形成在學(xué)習(xí)和記憶中的作用,。海馬區(qū)是成年人大腦中形成新神經(jīng)元的兩個區(qū)域之一。此前的研究認為,,新生神經(jīng)元能夠加固“記憶電路”,。但是日本科學(xué)家的最新研究卻推翻了這一觀點,新神經(jīng)元削弱甚至破壞海馬區(qū)為舊有記憶編碼的腦細胞之間的聯(lián)系,。
井口薰說:“我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)并沒有否認神經(jīng)元形成在獲得記憶方面的重要作用,。海馬區(qū)神經(jīng)元形成不但能清除舊記憶,還能獲得新記憶,。”從本質(zhì)上講,,新神經(jīng)元通過防止海馬區(qū)被大量舊記憶塞滿而形成新記憶。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Cell,13 November 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.10.020
Adult Neurogenesis Modulates the Hippocampus-Dependent Period of Associative Fear Memory
Takashi Kitamura1, 2, 3, Yoshito Saitoh1, 2, 3, Noriko Takashima1, 3, Akiko Murayama1, 3, Yosuke Niibori1, 3, 5, Hiroshi Ageta1, 6, Mariko Sekiguchi1, 3, Hiroyuki Sugiyama4 and Kaoru Inokuchi1, 2, 3, ,
1 Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, MITILS, 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8511, Japan
2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
3 Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
4 Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
Acquired memory initially depends on the hippocampus (HPC) for the process of cortical permanent memory formation. The mechanisms through which memory becomes progressively independent from the HPC remain unknown. In the HPC, adult neurogenesis has been described in many mammalian species, even at old ages. Using two mouse models in which hippocampal neurogenesis is physically or genetically suppressed, we show that decreased neurogenesis is accompanied by a prolonged HPC-dependent period of associative fear memory. Inversely, enhanced neurogenesis by voluntary exercise sped up the decay rate of HPC dependency of memory, without loss of memory. Consistently, decreased neurogenesis facilitated the long-lasting maintenance of rat hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. These independent lines of evidence strongly suggest that the level of hippocampal neurogenesis play a role in determination of the HPC-dependent period of memory in adult rodents. These observations provide a framework for understanding the mechanisms of the hippocampal-cortical complementary learning systems.