忽胖忽瘦的老鼠:科學(xué)家可能找到了節(jié)食減肥失敗的關(guān)鍵因素——至少是在嚙齒動物身上,。
好好放松可能才是你減掉感恩節(jié)增加的體重的關(guān)鍵。一項新的研究表明,,節(jié)食會使得大腦對壓力和高脂肪,、高卡路里的食物獎勵更加敏感。大腦的這種變化一直會持續(xù)到節(jié)食結(jié)束,,并刺激健康人在壓力下暴飲暴食,。
大多數(shù)從事減肥研究的科學(xué)家都把注意力放在如何調(diào)整人的飲食規(guī)律上——比如幫助他們吃得更少,,飽得更快,食欲減退等,。
但問題是,,當我們的體重下降后,如何保持身材卻變成了一個難題,。就算是通過手術(shù)減肥,,也無法百分之百保證人們能始終維持苗條的身材。
美國賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的神經(jīng)科學(xué)家Tracy Bale認為,,這種現(xiàn)象可能跟壓力有關(guān),。壓力會使得人體釋放一種叫做皮質(zhì)醇的激素,這種激素會以糖的形式向血液中提供能量,,以保護人免受潛在威脅的侵害,。
如果人長期處于壓力狀態(tài),體內(nèi)的皮質(zhì)醇水平就會一直處在一個比較高的狀態(tài),,這就會使得人的胃口大開,,體重增加。
Bale和她的同事認為,,節(jié)食使得人們更容易感知日常生活中的壓力,。在這種慢性壓力的影響下,就算是意志最堅定的節(jié)食者,,也會抵抗不住冰淇淋和比薩餅的誘惑,。盡管偶爾吃一個香甜的圣代冰淇淋不會引起體重的增加,但如果長此以往,,人們之前的減肥成效就會功虧一簣,。
為了驗證這一假說,研究者在3周的時間里將被試小鼠的日常飲食量減少了25%,,直到它們的體重降低了10%~15%,。這與人類在中等程度節(jié)食下達到中等程度減重目標的水平相仿。
然后,,研究人員將這些小鼠置于一些比較溫和的壓力環(huán)境中,,比如給它們施加噪音等。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),,節(jié)食組小鼠血液中的皮質(zhì)醇含量要比對照組的高,,這說明節(jié)食使得小鼠倍感壓力,并需要花費更多的時間來恢復(fù)平靜,。
隨后,,研究人員讓這些小鼠恢復(fù)飲食以回到初始體重,以此來模擬人類“減肥——反彈——再減肥”的典型現(xiàn)象,。在進食了1周的實驗室標準飼料后,,這些小鼠又被重新置于壓力環(huán)境中,,以模擬人類日常生活中的起伏跌宕。
研究結(jié)果表明,,節(jié)食的小鼠仍然比對照組更容易感知到壓力的存在,,并且它們在壓力影響下,也會更傾向于進食大量高熱量的食物,。研究者的這一結(jié)果發(fā)表在最近出版的《神經(jīng)科學(xué)》雜志上,。
研究人員同時發(fā)現(xiàn),就算是短期,、溫和的節(jié)食行為也會導(dǎo)致基因表達方面的長期變化,。節(jié)食的小鼠體內(nèi)用于刺激皮質(zhì)醇釋放的蛋白質(zhì)水平明顯偏高,這說明它們對壓力更為敏感,;并且給它們提供高脂肪食物后,,它們體內(nèi)用于食欲刺激的激素水平也較高。
“這種現(xiàn)象說明,,諸如節(jié)食和高熱量食物刺激等環(huán)境因素,,可能會導(dǎo)致基因表達的長期變化,而這些變化將會影響小鼠的飲食習(xí)慣和應(yīng)對壓力的方式,。”美國北卡羅來納大學(xué)教堂山分校的心理學(xué)家Cynthia Bulik評論稱,,她同時也是該校“飲食紊亂癥項目”的負責人,。
基因表達方面的變化或許能夠解釋為什么許多節(jié)食減肥的行為都失敗了,。節(jié)食先是提高了人們對壓力的敏感性,然后壓力又使得人們傾向于從高脂肪,、高熱量的食物中尋求“慰藉”,。
“節(jié)食減肥困難重重,這是因為你的大腦一直在和你作對,。”Bale表示,。而學(xué)會更好地應(yīng)對壓力或許才是成功減肥的關(guān)鍵,這是因為“如果沒有壓力,,你就不會總想要暴飲暴食”,。
Bale認為,設(shè)計針對壓力的藥物,,或許能夠幫助節(jié)食者保持住他們好不容易才減下來的體重,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
The Journal of Neuroscience doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1955-10.2010
Caloric Restriction Experience Reprograms Stress and Orexigenic Pathways and Promotes Binge Eating
Diana E. Pankevich, Sarah L. Teegarden, Andrew D. Hedin, Catherine L. Jensen, and Tracy L. Bale
Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Long-term weight management by dieting has a high failure rate. Pharmacological targets have focused on appetite reduction, although less is understood as to the potential contributions of the stress state during dieting in long-term behavioral modification. In a mouse model of moderate caloric restriction in which a 10–15% weight loss similar to human dieting is produced, we examined physiological and behavioral stress measures. After 3 weeks of restriction, mice showed significant increases in immobile time in a tail suspension test and stress-induced corticosterone levels. Increased stress was associated with brain region-specific alterations of corticotropin-releasing factor expression and promoter methylation, changes that were not normalized with refeeding. Similar outcomes were produced by high-fat diet withdrawal, an additional component of human dieting. In examination of long-term behavioral consequences, previously restricted mice showed a significant increase in binge eating of a palatable high-fat food during stress exposure. Orexigenic hormones, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and orexin, were significantly elevated in response to the high-fat diet only in previously restricted mice. Furthermore, administration of the MCH receptor-1 antagonist GSK-856464 [4-(4-ethyl-5-methylsulfanyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridine] significantly reduced total caloric intake in these mice during high-fat access. These results reveal reprogramming of key central pathways involved in regulating stress responsivity and orexigenic drives by moderate caloric restriction experience. In humans, such changes would be expected to reduce treatment success by promoting behaviors resulting in weight regain, and suggest that management of stress during dieting may be beneficial in long-term maintenance.