北京時間7月28日消息,,一項最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,不斷縮小的大腦可能是作為人類需要付出的代價。研究結果顯示,,只有人類的大腦會隨著年齡增長而不斷縮小,。
隨著時間推移人腦會失去一部分神經(jīng)元,這也許是進化做出的妥協(xié),,是為獲得更長的壽命,,而和更大的大腦進行的交換,它是我們不得不接受的一個障礙,。與年齡有關的海馬狀突起和大腦前庭等腦結構的大規(guī)??s小,只有在人類身上才能看到?,F(xiàn)在科學家已經(jīng)證實,,與我們親緣關系最近的黑猩猩也不存在這種情況。這一特征顯然是人類獨有的,。
由喬治華盛頓大學的徹特-舍爾伍德博士領導的美國研究人員,,對99只年齡在10歲到51歲之間的黑猩猩進行了核磁共振成像大腦掃描。并把掃描結果與87名年齡在22歲到88歲的人類大腦核磁共振成像掃描圖進行對比,。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),,隨著年齡增長,人類的所有大腦結構的容量都減小了,。然而不同的是,,老年黑猩猩并未表現(xiàn)出與衰老有關的明顯大腦變化。
舍爾伍德的科研組在美國《國家科學院院刊》(PNAS)里寫道:“作為進化出更長壽命和更大的大腦的代價,,人類更易出現(xiàn)與年齡有關的神經(jīng)變性,。”人類在晚年特別容易患老年癡呆癥等腦病,而且記憶力和“思維”能力普遍下降,。除了擁有比任何其他動物更大的大腦外,,人類還更長壽。從體能上來說,,人類衰老的速度比黑猩猩更加緩慢,。
野生黑猩猩30歲時就會出現(xiàn)牙齒脫落、體重過輕、身體虛弱無力和缺乏活力等現(xiàn)象,。然而雌性黑猩猩即便到了生命最后階段,,仍能孕育后代。人類保持身體健康的時間比黑猩猩近親更長,,但是女性到了中年就會失去生育能力,。人類的絕經(jīng)期大致與黑猩猩和其他大猿的死亡年齡相符。
據(jù)說活的時間更長對形成更大的大腦有好處,,這包括祖母和其他老年人幫助撫養(yǎng)后代,。不過科學家表示,這可能會導致“人類遭受更多累積的神經(jīng)學方面的衰老”,。他們說:“雖然擴大大腦和延長壽命讓人類具備至關重要的適應能力,,但是這些適應性終究是要付出代價的。這些因素導致很多老年人受到神經(jīng)變性的困擾,。”(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1016709108
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PMID:
Aging of the cerebral cortex differs between humans and chimpanzees
Sherwood, Chet C.; Gordon, Adam D.; Allen, John S.; Phillips, Kimberley A.; Erwin, Joseph M.; Hof, Patrick R.; Hopkins, William D.
Several biological changes characterize normal brain aging in humans. Although some of these age-associated neural alterationsare also found in other species, overt volumetric decline of particular brain structures, such as the hippocampus and frontallobe, has only been observed in humans. However, comparable data on the effects of aging on regional brain volumes have notpreviously been available from our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. In this study, we used MRI to measure the volumeof the whole brain, total neocortical gray matter, total neocortical white matter, frontal lobe gray matter, frontal lobewhite matter, and the hippocampus in a cross-sectional sample of 99 chimpanzee brains encompassing the adult lifespan from10 to 51 y of age. We compared these data to brain structure volumes measured in 87 adult humans from 22 to 88 y of age. Incontrast to humans, who showed a decrease in the volume of all brain structures over the lifespan, chimpanzees did not displaysignificant age-related changes. Using an iterative age-range reduction procedure, we found that the significant aging effectsin humans were because of the leverage of individuals that were older than the maximum longevity of chimpanzees. Thus, weconclude that the increased magnitude of brain structure shrinkage in human aging is evolutionarily novel and the result ofan extended lifespan.