加拿大科學家研究表明,,兒童的大腦對兒童的受撫養(yǎng)狀況非常敏感。該研究發(fā)表在美國《國家科學院院刊》(PNAS)8月刊上,??茖W家研究了一些10歲兒童,他們的母親表現(xiàn)出一定的情緒消沉癥狀,,科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)這些兒童大腦中與情緒反應相關的部分即杏仁核增大了。
同樣但更為顯著的變化,,在那些最初在孤兒院中長大而后被收養(yǎng)的兒童的大腦中也被發(fā)現(xiàn)了,。滿足兒童需要的個性化的照料或許是這里的關鍵因素。蒙特利爾大學博士Sophie Parent和Jean Séguin等多年跟蹤研究這些兒童,,她們解釋說:“其他研究表明,,情緒沮喪的母親對兒童的需要不是那么敏感,她們通常沉默寡言,、淡然,。”
科學家已經(jīng)證實,杏仁核的功能涉及賦予信息和事件以情感意義,,它與我們采取何種方式應對潛在的危險有關,。在生命的早期,當我們對外部世界了解很少的時候,,我們特別需要去了解新經(jīng)歷是安全的還是危險的,。確實,針對其他哺乳動物例如靈長類動物的研究表明,,杏仁核在出生后短期內(nèi)迅速增長,。“我們還不確定,觀察到的這種增大是否是源于長期處于低質(zhì)量照顧中,。但是我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在情緒消沉的媽媽照顧下成長與增大的杏仁核有關聯(lián),。”
Lupien認為:“擁有增大的杏仁核可能是一種保護行為,能夠增加生存的機會,。”杏仁核發(fā)揮保護作用的方式是生成一種應激激素名為糖皮質(zhì)激素,。研究人員注意到,參與研究的、其母親表現(xiàn)出情緒消沉狀態(tài)的兒童的糖皮質(zhì)激素水平,,在兒童處于陌生環(huán)境中時,,將明顯地提升,這顯示出兒童增大了對壓力的反應,。成長于與那些兒童類似的環(huán)境中的成人,,當參加實驗室壓力測試時,表現(xiàn)出較高的糖皮質(zhì)激素水平和更大的糖皮質(zhì)激素反應,。“這種對壓力增大的反應長期會有怎樣的后果,,到目前為止還不清楚。”
盡管這項研究尚未能搞清楚杏仁核增大的原因,,研究人員注意到,,收養(yǎng)研究也顯示出,那些幼年即被相對富裕的家庭收養(yǎng)的兒童的杏仁核并沒有增大,。Lupien認為,,“這種現(xiàn)象強烈地暗示,大腦或許對于生命早期的發(fā)展環(huán)境有著高度的靈敏反應,,同時也確定了開展早期干預以幫助兒童克服逆境的重要性,。” Séguin補充說:“胎兒和嬰兒時期護士進行家訪、改善日托的條件等措施或許能夠緩和因父母照顧而對兒童大腦帶來的影響,。下一步的一些研究,,比如測試這些預防項目的效果、觀察兒童在不同階段受到情緒消沉母親影響以及觀察兒童以不同的時間長度受母親的影響等,,這些研究將讓我們更清楚地了解杏仁核為什么會增大,,長期會帶來怎樣的后果,以及如何能阻止這種情況的發(fā)生,。”(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1105371108
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Larger amygdala but no change in hippocampal volume in 10-year-old children exposed to maternal depressive symptomatology since birth
Lupien, Sonia J.; Parent, Sophie; Evans, Alan C.; Tremblay, Richard E.; Zelazo, Philip David; Corbo, Vincent; Pruessner, Jens C.; Séguin, Jean R.
Maternal separation and poor maternal care in animals have been shown to have important effects on the developing hippocampusand amygdala. In humans, children exposed to abuse/maltreatment or orphanage rearing do not present changes in hippocampalvolumes. However, children reared in orphanages present enlarged amygdala volumes, suggesting that the amygdala may be particularlysensitive to severely disturbed (i.e., discontinous, neglectful) care in infancy. Maternal depressive symptomatology has beenassociated with reductions in overall sensitivity to the infant, and with an increased rate of withdrawn, disengaged behaviors.To determine if poor maternal care associated with maternal depressive symptomatology has a similar pattern of associationto the volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala in children, as is the case for severely disturbed infant care (orphanage rearing),we measured hippocampal and amygdala volumes as well as stress hormone (glucocorticoid) levels in children exposed (n = 17) or not (n = 21) to maternal depressive symptomatology since birth. Results revealed no group difference in hippocampal volumes, butlarger left and right amygdala volumes and increased levels of glucocorticoids in the children of mothers presenting depressivesymptomatology since birth. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was observed between mothers' mean depressive scoresand amygdala volumes in their children. The results of this study suggest that amygdala volume in human children may representan early marker of biological sensitivity to quality of maternal care.