A new study found that specific structures, primarily on the left side of the brain, are vital to general intelligence and executive function(Credit: Photo courtesy Aron Barbey)
一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)域，尤其是大腦的左邊區(qū)域?qū)τ谥橇σ约皥?zhí)行能力尤為重要
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近日,，科學(xué)家報(bào)道他們已經(jīng)繪制出了大腦智力分布的物理結(jié)構(gòu)圖，這是目前為止最大規(guī)模的對(duì)大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的綜合分析,，對(duì)于普通理解力以及智力功能的理解,，比如言語(yǔ)理解力以及工作記憶等尤為重要。這項(xiàng)研究刊登在了國(guó)際雜志Brain上,，研究者招募的志愿者為182名有嚴(yán)重腦部損傷的越南退伍軍人,。伊利諾伊大學(xué)的研究者Aron Barbey表示，對(duì)于發(fā)現(xiàn)病人腦部損傷或者發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦病灶非常困難,，中風(fēng)引起的大腦損傷經(jīng)常會(huì)損傷大腦的很多區(qū)域,，對(duì)于識(shí)別大腦特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的認(rèn)知區(qū)域非常復(fù)雜，需要花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間來(lái)進(jìn)行研究,。
Barbey說(shuō),，本研究中分析大腦損傷的病灶讓我們可以推測(cè)特殊的腦結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于機(jī)體行為的重要性。通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)特殊大腦區(qū)域的損傷如何能夠產(chǎn)生特殊的認(rèn)知障礙,，我們可以繪制大腦的體系結(jié)構(gòu),，識(shí)別大腦結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于維持特殊智力能力的作用。研究者通過(guò)對(duì)參與者進(jìn)行大腦CT掃描,，以及后續(xù)的認(rèn)知測(cè)試,。最終研究者們得到了參與者的大腦皮質(zhì)圖譜，隨后將其分為3000個(gè)的三維單位（voxel,，體元）,，研究者對(duì)這種voxel損傷的病人進(jìn)行分析并且對(duì)比他們的認(rèn)知能力,，最終可以確定對(duì)特殊認(rèn)知功能有必要的大腦區(qū)域以及大腦的哪些結(jié)構(gòu)行使智力功能發(fā)揮的區(qū)域,。研究者表示，普通智力依靠一個(gè)顯著地局限的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),，而且數(shù)個(gè)大腦區(qū)域以及其之間的聯(lián)系對(duì)于普通智力的發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要,。
研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)的這些關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)位于大腦左前額葉、左顳皮質(zhì)以及左頂葉皮質(zhì)處,，而且大腦的鬧白質(zhì)將他們聯(lián)系起來(lái),。研究者同時(shí)也發(fā)現(xiàn)了大腦中行使計(jì)劃、自控以及其它執(zhí)行力相關(guān)的大腦區(qū)域,。這項(xiàng)研究揭示了機(jī)體的智力并不是一帶與大腦的一塊區(qū)域或者整個(gè)大腦,，而是依賴于大腦特定區(qū)域之間共同的協(xié)作。
文章中，研究者的發(fā)現(xiàn)將對(duì)于將來(lái)進(jìn)行智力的生物學(xué)研究提供了新的研究線索,，探尋大腦,、基因、營(yíng)養(yǎng)以及環(huán)境之間的相互作用關(guān)系對(duì)于我們了解塑造大腦的發(fā)展以及智力的發(fā)展進(jìn)化非常重要,。（生物谷：T.Shen編譯）
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doi:10.1093/brain/aws021
PMC:
PMID:
An integrative architecture for general intelligence and executive function revealed by lesion mapping
Aron K. Barbey1,2,3,4,5, Roberto Colom6, Jeffrey Solomon7, Frank Krueger8, Chad Forbes9 and Jordan Grafman10
Although cognitive neuroscience has made remarkable progress in understanding the involvement of the prefrontal cortex in executive control, the broader functional networks that support high-level cognition and give rise to general intelligence remain to be well characterized. Here, we investigated the neural substrates of the general factor of intelligence (g) and executive function in 182 patients with focal brain damage using voxel-based lesion–symptom mapping. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System were used to derive measures of g and executive function, respectively. Impaired performance on these measures was associated with damage to a distributed network of left lateralized brain areas, including regions of frontal and parietal cortex and white matter association tracts, which bind these areas into a coordinated system. The observed findings support an integrative framework for understanding the architecture of general intelligence and executive function, supporting their reliance upon a shared fronto-parietal network for the integration and control of cognitive representations and making specific recommendations for the application of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System to the study of high-level cognition in health and disease.
