吸煙有害健康毋庸置疑,。德國一項最新調(diào)查則發(fā)現(xiàn)，吸煙者的睡眠時間比不吸煙者少,，而且睡眠質(zhì)量也較差,。
睡眠問題多
研究人員對1071名吸煙者做關(guān)于睡眠質(zhì)量的問卷調(diào)查，結(jié)果顯示,，其中17%每晚睡眠時間不足6小時,，28%稱睡眠質(zhì)量“受到干擾”、較易淺眠。另對1243名不吸煙者所做的同樣調(diào)查中,，上述數(shù)據(jù)分別為7%和19%,。調(diào)查對象均無精神病史。
正常情況下,，人每晚會有4至5個深睡,、淺睡和快速動眼(REM)睡眠的睡眠周期。較深沉的睡眠主要集中在睡眠的初期,，快速動眼睡眠主要發(fā)生在快醒來時,。這樣的睡眠模式有助人體控制激素的產(chǎn)生、新陳代謝和壓力調(diào)節(jié),。
路透社援引研究帶頭人,、德國柏林沙里泰醫(yī)學院斯特凡·科爾斯的話報道：“這項研究首次表明，在沒有終身精神疾病的人群中,，睡眠紊亂在吸煙者中的比例比不吸煙者高,，即使控制了潛在的相關(guān)風險因素。”
他說：“如果你吸煙并且遇到睡眠問題,，那么你就又多了個戒煙的理由,。”
關(guān)乎尼古丁
研究報告由最新一期《癮生物學》發(fā)表。
睡眠質(zhì)量差不僅讓人在醒來后精神狀態(tài)差,，一些研究顯示,，習慣性睡眠質(zhì)量差還與肥胖、糖尿病,、心臟病等健康問題有關(guān),。
科爾斯說,，他們的研究尚不能證明吸煙直接影響睡眠,，因為吸煙者可能還有會對睡眠產(chǎn)生影響的其他習慣，如熬夜,、缺少運動等,。不過，在綜合考慮年齡,、體重,、是否酗酒等因素后，他們認為,，尼古丁的刺激作用仍可能是影響睡眠的罪魁禍首,。
這與德國先前一項實驗的結(jié)論相符。那項實驗顯示,，一夜睡醒后,，吸煙者依然困倦的幾率是不吸煙者的4倍。研究人員分析指出，這是因為吸煙者夜間睡眠過程中,，身體無法獲得尼古丁,，雖然看似呼呼大睡，實際上睡眠多次被打擾,，睡眠質(zhì)量下降,。
亦損害記憶
英國諾森布里亞大學研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn)，長期接觸二手煙提高記憶力受損的風險,。
他們找來一組吸煙者,、一組常接觸二手煙的不吸煙者和一組不接觸二手煙的不吸煙者接受基于時間或基于事件的記憶力測試。常接觸二手煙的調(diào)查對象平均每周曝露在二手煙環(huán)境下25小時,，時間超過4年半,。
測試結(jié)果顯示，吸煙者忘掉的事情比不接觸二手煙的不吸煙者多30%,，常接觸二手煙的不吸煙者忘掉的事情比不接觸二手煙的不吸煙者多20%,。
研究人員在最新一期《癮》月刊發(fā)表報告說：“我們的研究顯示出曝露在二手煙環(huán)境與日常認知功能的負面關(guān)聯(lián)。”（生物谷Bioon.com）
doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00487.x
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PMID:
Impaired sleep quality and sleep duration in smokers—results from the German Multicenter Study on Nicotine Dependence
Stefan Cohrs, Andrea Rodenbeck, Dieter Riemann, Bertram Szagun, Andreas Jaehne, Jürgen Brinkmeyer, Gerhard Gründer, Thomas Wienker, Amalia Diaz-Lacava, Arian Mobascher, Norbert Dahmen, Norbert Thuerauf, Johannes Kornhuber, Falk Kiefer, Jürgen Gallinat, Michael Wagner, Dieter Kunz, Ulrike Grittner, Georg Winterer
Cigarette smoking is a severe health burden being related to a number of chronic diseases. Frequently, smokers report about sleep problems. Sleep disturbance, in turn, has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders related to smoking and may be relevant for the pathophysiology of nicotine dependence. Therefore, determining the frequency of sleep disturbance in otherwise healthy smokers and its association with degree of nicotine dependence is highly relevant. In a population-based case-control study, 1071 smokers and 1243 non-smokers without lifetime Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Axis I disorder were investigated. Sleep quality (SQ) of participants was determined by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. As possible confounders, age, sex and level of education and income, as well as depressiveness, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity, alcohol drinking behaviour and perceived stress, were included into multiple regression analyses. Significantly more smokers than non-smokers (28.1% versus 19.1%; P<0.0001) demonstrated a disturbed global SQ. After controlling for the confounders, impaired scores in the component scores of sleep latency, sleep duration and global SQ were found significantly more often in smokers than non-smokers. Consistently, higher degrees of nicotine dependence and intensity of smoking were associated with shorter sleep duration. This study demonstrates for the first time an elevated prevalence of sleep disturbance in smokers compared with non-smokers in a population without lifetime history of psychiatric disorders even after controlling for potentially relevant risk factors. It appears likely that smoking is a behaviourally modifiable risk factor for the occurrence of impaired SQ and short sleep duration.
