一項由加州大學(xué)戴維斯分校MIND研究院的多學(xué)科研究團隊所做的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,那些后來被診斷患有自閉癥譜系障礙的孩子在嬰兒時期有過多的腦脊液及增大的大腦,從而提出了一個可能性,即腦部的那些異常也許能作為早期識別這種神經(jīng)發(fā)育性疾病的可能的生物標(biāo)記。
這項研究首次從嬰兒期開始追蹤那些日后出現(xiàn)自閉癥的孩子的腦生長軌跡,并第一次將嬰兒期過多的腦脊液與自閉癥進行了關(guān)聯(lián)。“出現(xiàn)自閉癥譜系疾病嬰兒的早期腦發(fā)育及軸外液體增加”于今天在網(wǎng)絡(luò)版的神經(jīng)學(xué)雜志Brain上發(fā)表,該雜志由Oxford University Press出版,。
MIND研究所的研究部主任David Amaral共同主持了這項研究;他說:“該研究首次報告了嬰兒腦部異常與自閉癥有關(guān),,且可以通過傳統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)性MRI檢測到,。”
Amaral說:“這項研究提出了研發(fā)一種非常早期的檢測自閉癥譜系疾病方法的可能性。早期檢測是至關(guān)重要的,,因為早期干預(yù)可減少與自閉癥有關(guān)的認(rèn)知與行為損害,,并可能為這些孩子帶來更為積極的長期轉(zhuǎn)歸。”
這項研究是在55名年齡在6-36個月的嬰兒中進行的,,他們中的33人各有一位罹患自閉癥的哥哥或姐姐,。有22名嬰兒沒有該疾病家族史。
研究人員報告說,,在那些日后于24-36個月大時被診斷罹患自閉癥的高危嬰兒中檢測到腦部異常的情況顯然更為常見,。Sally Ozonoff是精神病與行為科學(xué)系教授及研究部副主任;她共同主持了這項研究,。她過去所做的研究顯示,,在罹患自閉癥孩子的兄弟姐妹中的自閉癥風(fēng)險比一般人群要高近20倍。美國疾病控制與預(yù)防中心將自閉癥的總體發(fā)生率定為1/88,。
過多的腦脊液和腦容量的增大是由對這些嬰兒腦部生長和發(fā)育進行定期核磁共振成像(MRI)檢測以及通過經(jīng)常性地對他們的認(rèn)知,、社交、溝通及運動能力發(fā)育進行評估而發(fā)現(xiàn)的,。高風(fēng)險及低風(fēng)險嬰兒皆在6-9個月大的時候接受他們的第一次MRI掃描,。第二次MRI掃描發(fā)生在他們12-15個月大的時候。第三次掃描是在18-24個月大之間進行的,。這些MRIs檢查是在嬰兒自然睡著時進行的,,檢查無需鎮(zhèn)靜和麻醉。
在6個月大的時候,,研究人員開始對這些嬰兒的發(fā)育進行密集的行為評估,。他們的家長也定期地完成有關(guān)他們寶寶行為的調(diào)查問卷。這些測試一直進行到嬰兒24個月至36個月大的時候,,在那個時候,,每一個孩子都被評估是否有自閉癥譜系障礙,、其它的發(fā)育延遲或具有典型的發(fā)育。
除了有10個孩子被診斷患有自閉癥之外,,有24%的高風(fēng)險嬰兒及13.4%的低風(fēng)險嬰兒被歸類為患有其它類型的發(fā)育遲緩。有約45.5%的高風(fēng)險寶寶和86%的低風(fēng)險寶寶被發(fā)現(xiàn)具有正常的發(fā)育,。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,到6-9個月大的時候,那些發(fā)生自閉癥的孩子在腦部以上及周圍的“軸外”空間內(nèi)的腦脊液水平有所升高,,而該腦脊液水平在年齡18個月至24個月大期間仍然有異常升高,。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在嬰兒期早期中的腦脊液越多,,那個孩子在被診斷時的自閉癥癥狀就越嚴(yán)重,。
在那些后來被診斷患有自閉癥的嬰兒中,在12-15個月大的時候及在18-24個月大的時候,,其“軸外”腦脊液容量比典型發(fā)育的嬰兒平均高出33%和22%,。在6-9個月大的時候,其軸外腦脊液容量比典型發(fā)育嬰兒要多20%,。
這項研究還第一次提供了在24個月大之前自閉癥患兒腦部增大的MRI證據(jù),。在本研究中被診斷患有自閉癥的嬰兒在12個月大的時候,其腦容量比典型發(fā)育嬰兒平均要大7%,。
過多的軸外腦脊液及增大的腦容量在自閉癥行為學(xué)體征變得明顯之前可被檢測到,。Amaral說:“軸外腦脊液增加及腦尺寸的增大的原因目前還不清楚。”
早期診斷可能對那些其哥哥姐姐曾經(jīng)被診斷患有自閉癥的嬰兒有特別的裨益,,但研究人員警告,,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)必須要得到重復(fù)之后才能將其用于協(xié)助ASD的早期診斷。MIND研究所目前正在與其它的研究所合作以重復(fù)這些發(fā)現(xiàn)并評估這一生物標(biāo)記可如何準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測日后的ASD診斷,。
Ozonoff說:“了解這一針對大腦的發(fā)現(xiàn)在沒有發(fā)生自閉癥的孩子中也會出現(xiàn)的頻度是至關(guān)重要的,。就一種對預(yù)測自閉癥轉(zhuǎn)歸有用的生物標(biāo)記來說,我們希望確定它不會產(chǎn)生一種不可接受的假陽性水平,。”
加州大學(xué)戴維斯分校的研究生Mark Shen是這項研究的主要作者,他說:“如果這一軸外腦脊液升高的發(fā)現(xiàn)能在更大的發(fā)生自閉癥的嬰兒樣本中得到重復(fù),,且它能與那些不發(fā)生自閉癥的嬰兒做準(zhǔn)確的區(qū)分,那么它將具有成為一種非創(chuàng)傷性的可協(xié)助早期發(fā)現(xiàn)疾病并通過早期干預(yù)而最終改善這些孩子長期轉(zhuǎn)歸的生物標(biāo)記的潛力,。”(生物谷 Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦的英文摘要
Brain doi: 10.1093/brain/awt166
Early brain enlargement and elevated extra-axial fluid in infants who develop autism spectrum disorder
Mark D. Shen1, Christine W. Nordahl, Gregory S. Young1, Sandra L. Wootton-Gorges2, Aaron Lee1, Sarah E. Liston1, Kayla R. Harrington1, Sally Ozonoff1 and David G. Amaral1
Prospective studies of infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder have provided important clues about the early behavioural symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, however, is not currently made until at least 18 months of age. There is substantially less research on potential brain-based differences in the period between 6 and 12 months of age. Our objective in the current study was to use magnetic resonance imaging to identify any consistently observable brain anomalies in 6–9 month old infants who would later develop autism spectrum disorder. We conducted a prospective infant sibling study with longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging scans at three time points (6–9, 12–15, and 18–24 months of age), in conjunction with intensive behavioural assessments. Fifty-five infants (33 ‘high-risk’ infants having an older sibling with autism spectrum disorder and 22 ‘low-risk’ infants having no relatives with autism spectrum disorder) were imaged at 6–9 months; 43 of these (27 high-risk and 16 low-risk) were imaged at 12–15 months; and 42 (26 high-risk and 16 low-risk) were imaged again at 18–24 months. Infants were classified as meeting criteria for autism spectrum disorder, other developmental delays, or typical development at 24 months or later (mean age at outcome: 32.5 months). Compared with the other two groups, infants who developed autism spectrum disorder (n = 10) had significantly greater extra-axial fluid at 6–9 months, which persisted and remained elevated at 12–15 and 18–24 months. Extra-axial fluid is characterized by excessive cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space, particularly over the frontal lobes. The amount of extra-axial fluid detected as early as 6 months was predictive of more severe autism spectrum disorder symptoms at the time of outcome. Infants who developed autism spectrum disorder also had significantly larger total cerebral volumes at both 12–15 and 18–24 months of age. This is the first magnetic resonance imaging study to prospectively evaluate brain growth trajectories from infancy in children who develop autism spectrum disorder. The presence of excessive extra-axial fluid detected as early as 6 months and the lack of resolution by 24 months is a hitherto unreported brain anomaly in infants who later develop autism spectrum disorder. This is also the first magnetic resonance imaging evidence of brain enlargement in autism before age 2. These findings raise the potential for the use of structural magnetic resonance imaging to aid in the early detection of children at risk for autism spectrum disorder or other neurodevelopmental disorders.