利斯特菌是細(xì)菌性食物中毒引起致死的主要來源,,近日,免疫學(xué)家Laurel Lenz博士和其研究團(tuán)隊(duì)在國際著名雜志Immunity上刊登了他們的研究成果,,文章中,研究者揭示了活化的巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的一氧化氮被認(rèn)為是細(xì)胞感染后所產(chǎn)生的免疫反應(yīng),,但實(shí)際上這幫助了單核細(xì)胞增生利斯特菌更為高效地在感染和未感染的細(xì)胞之間進(jìn)行傳播。
在自然進(jìn)化的過程中,,病原菌和宿主之間一直在進(jìn)行著競賽,,彼此之間都思考著不同的戰(zhàn)術(shù)來使得自己在競爭中占據(jù)上風(fēng),在本研究中,,利斯特菌可以逃避保護(hù)性的免疫反應(yīng),,并且引起更為廣泛的傳播,別的致病菌,,比如立克次體,、伯霍爾德桿菌等也可以利用這種方式來進(jìn)行感染傳播。
當(dāng)利斯特菌或者別的致病菌進(jìn)入人體后,,白細(xì)胞受體會識別致病菌的基本特征,,并且拉起早期的警報(bào),然后發(fā)動天然免疫反應(yīng),,當(dāng)天然免疫反應(yīng)被激活后,,巨噬細(xì)胞和其它的天然免疫細(xì)胞很容易可以組織游離的病原菌進(jìn)入細(xì)胞,然而這些激活的免疫細(xì)胞會釋放一氧化氮(nitric oxide,,NO),,一氧化氮可以觸發(fā)許多免疫防御機(jī)制。
Lenz博士和其研究團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn),,NO的產(chǎn)生可以幫助增加利斯特菌在細(xì)胞間的傳播以及在宿主內(nèi)的繁殖速度,。當(dāng)利斯特菌從細(xì)胞間不斷散播后,利斯特菌便會在被感染的細(xì)胞表面產(chǎn)生小肉芽,,這樣,,鄰近的未感染的細(xì)胞接觸到小肉芽之后,利斯特菌就會進(jìn)入未感染的細(xì)胞中進(jìn)行感染,,因此,,細(xì)菌不通過進(jìn)入胞外環(huán)境就可以進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移,被吸收的利斯特菌最初會包含一些吞噬體的空泡,,當(dāng)白細(xì)胞吸收了這些顆粒之后,,這些吞噬體空泡便會以細(xì)胞死星(cellular death star)為靶點(diǎn)進(jìn)行融合,并且破壞其內(nèi)容物,,然而NO會延遲細(xì)胞死星或溶酶體的攻擊,,這就給利斯特菌足夠的時(shí)間來破壞溶酶體并且躲避吞噬體的吞噬,。
延遲溶酶體和吞噬體之間的融合可以讓利斯特菌更加有效的在細(xì)胞間進(jìn)行感染,最終在宿主內(nèi)部進(jìn)行多重復(fù)制,。(生物谷:T.Shen編譯)
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doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.011
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Nitric Oxide Increases Susceptibility of Toll-like Receptor-Activated Macrophages to Spreading Listeria monocytogenes
Caroline Cole1, Stacey Thomas1, Holly Filak2, Peter M. Henson1, 3, Laurel L. Lenz2, 3,
Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation activates macrophages to resist intracellular pathogens. Yet, the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) causes lethal infections in spite of innate immune cell activation. Lm uses direct cell-cell spread to disseminate within its host. Here, we have shown that TLR-activated macrophages killed cell-free Lm but failed to prevent infection by spreading Lm. Instead, TLR signals increased the efficiency of Lm spread from “donor” to “recipient” macrophages. This enhancement required nitric oxide (NO) production by nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2). NO increased Lm escape from secondary vacuoles in recipient cells and delayed maturation of phagosomes containing membrane-like particles that mimic Lm-containing pseudopods. NO also promoted Lm spread during systemic in vivo infection, as shown by the fact that inhibition of NOS2 with 1400W reduced spread-dependent Lm burdens in mouse livers. These findings reveal a mechanism by which pathogens capable of cell-cell spread can avoid the consequences of innate immune cell activation by TLR stimuli.