HIV疫苗開發(fā)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)之一就是缺乏一種準確反映人對這種病毒產(chǎn)生的免疫應答以及該病毒如何發(fā)生突變來逃避這種免疫應答的動物模型。根據(jù)一項于2012年7月18日發(fā)表在Science Translational Medicine期刊上的新研究,,來自美國麻省總醫(yī)院拉根研究所,、麻省理工學院和哈佛大學的研究人員報道,,他們利用移植人免疫系統(tǒng)的組分到免疫缺陷小鼠中而構(gòu)建出一種動物模型,,從而解決了這些關鍵性問題,而且這些動物模型有潛力顯著性地減少測試候選疫苗所需的時間和成本,。研究通訊作者Todd Allen博士說,,“我們的研究表明不僅這些人化小鼠(humanized mice)對HIV產(chǎn)生免疫應答,而且HIV能夠通過讓CD8殺傷性T細胞靶向的病毒蛋白發(fā)生突變而逃避這些免疫應答,。我們第一次擁有一種能夠準確復制至關重要的宿主-病原體相互作用的動物模型,,這一模型將有助于促進人們開發(fā)出有效的HIV疫苗。”
在這項研究中,,研究人員測試了這種人化BLT小鼠,,即通過移植人骨髓干細胞和其他人組織到缺乏功能性免疫系統(tǒng)的小鼠體內(nèi)而構(gòu)建出的一種動物模型。而且研究人員構(gòu)建一組人化BLT小鼠所用的細胞和組織是來自攜帶不同免疫系統(tǒng)HLA分子等位基因的人供者,,其中HLA分子標記遭受病毒感染的細胞,,從而使得CD8 T細胞摧毀這些細胞。特定的HLA等位基因,,如HLA-B57,,在自然能夠控制HIV的人體內(nèi)更為常見。研究人員構(gòu)建出的這些小鼠當中就有一些能夠表達這種重要的保護性等位基因,。
在這些小鼠被HIV感染六周之后,,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)HIV在已知能夠被CD8 T細胞靶向的區(qū)域快速地發(fā)生變化。他們的觀察結(jié)果表明不僅人化小鼠免疫系統(tǒng)對HIV產(chǎn)生免疫應答,,而且HIV也不斷發(fā)生突變來躲避這些免疫應答,,這與人體內(nèi)觀察到的情形類似。在表達保護性HLA-B57等位基因的小鼠中,,正如能夠控制HIV病毒水平的病人一樣,,CD8 T細胞靶向HIV中一個至關重要的區(qū)域,從而阻止病毒發(fā)生突變和允許這些動物更加有效地抑制HIV,。
Allen博士說,,他們當前正在研究他們是夠通過接種疫苗在這些動物體內(nèi)誘導出人HIV特異性的免疫應答,以便能夠提供一種快速而又節(jié)約成本的動物模型來測試不同疫苗控制或阻斷HIV感染的能力,,而且如果能夠做到這點的話,,那么他們將有一種非常強大的新工具來加速HIV疫苗開發(fā)。(生物谷:Bioon.com)
本文編譯自Animal model replicates human immune response against HIV, could revolutionize HIV vaccine research
doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003984
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Rapid Evolution of HIV-1 to Functional CD8+ T Cell Responses in Humanized BLT Mice
Timothy E. Dudek1, Daniel C. No1, Edward Seung2, Vladimir D. Vrbanac2, Lena Fadda1, Priyasma Bhoumik1, Christian L. Boutwell1, Karen A. Power1, Adrianne D. Gladden1, Laura Battis1, Elizabeth F. Mellors1, Trevor R. Tivey2, Xiaojiang Gao3, Marcus Altfeld1, Andrew D. Luster2, Andrew M. Tager2 and Todd M. Allen
The development of mouse/human chimeras through the engraftment of human immune cells and tissues into immunodeficient mice, including the recently described humanized BLT (bone marrow, liver, thymus) mouse model, holds great promise to facilitate the in vivo study of human immune responses. However, little data exist regarding the extent to which cellular immune responses in humanized mice accurately reflect those seen in humans. We infected humanized BLT mice with HIV-1 as a model pathogen and characterized HIV-1–specific immune responses and viral evolution during the acute phase of infection. HIV-1–specific CD8+ T cell responses in these mice were found to closely resemble those in humans in terms of their specificity, kinetics, and immunodominance. Viral sequence evolution also revealed rapid and highly reproducible escape from these responses, mirroring the adaptations to host immune pressures observed during natural HIV-1 infection. Moreover, mice expressing the protective HLA-B*57 allele exhibited enhanced control of viral replication and restricted the same CD8+ T cell responses to conserved regions of HIV-1 Gag that are critical to its control of HIV-1 in humans. These data reveal that the humanized BLT mouse model appears to accurately recapitulate human pathogen–specific cellular immunity and the fundamental immunological mechanisms required to control a model human pathogen, aspects critical to the use of a small-animal model for human pathogens.