若干年后,,當(dāng)你去看醫(yī)生時(shí),,醫(yī)生也許不僅會(huì)問你對(duì)什么過敏,,還會(huì)問你的腸道類型,。來自歐洲分子生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(EMBL)以及國(guó)際MetaHIT聯(lián)合會(huì)的科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)人類有三種不同的腸道類型,。這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)表在4月20日的《自然》(Nature)在線版上,。
我們腸道中有多種細(xì)菌,來幫助我們消化食物,,分解毒素,,產(chǎn)生一些維生素和必需氨基酸,并抵御入侵者,。但是,,對(duì)于微生物群落的組成,個(gè)體之間還是存在較大差異,。
本項(xiàng)研究的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者Peer Bork談到:“我們發(fā)現(xiàn),,人體腸道中微生物的組合并不是隨機(jī)的。我們的腸道菌群可以分成三種不同的類型,。”
研究小組利用Sanger測(cè)序?qū)W洲四國(guó)(丹麥,、法國(guó),、意大利和西班牙)的22名個(gè)體的糞便DNA樣品進(jìn)行測(cè)序。隨后他們將這些樣品的微生物組與之前的研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行了比較,。之前研究人員利用Sanger測(cè)序或焦磷酸測(cè)序?qū)?7名來自美國(guó)和日本的個(gè)體的腸道微生物組,。
隨后他們將研究延伸到丹麥的95名個(gè)體和美國(guó)的154名個(gè)體。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),,根據(jù)腸道中大量出現(xiàn)的細(xì)菌種類,,所有數(shù)據(jù)可分成三類,也就是說,,每個(gè)人都屬于這三種腸道類型中的一種,。
科學(xué)家們尚不清楚為什么不同人會(huì)有不同的腸道類型,他們推測(cè),,這種差異可能在于人的免疫系統(tǒng)如何區(qū)分好細(xì)菌和壞細(xì)菌,,或者與細(xì)胞釋放廢物的不同方式有關(guān)。
如同血型一樣,,這些腸道類型是與年齡,、性別、種族和身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)無關(guān)的,。但是他們也發(fā)現(xiàn),,老年人的腸道似乎有著更多分解碳水化合物的微生物基因,這可能是因?yàn)?,?dāng)我們年齡越來越大時(shí),,我們處理營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)可能沒那么高效,因此,,為了生存,,細(xì)菌必須承擔(dān)起這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
Bork還表示,,目前存在一些與年齡,、體重等性狀相關(guān)的細(xì)菌基因,這也可能成為肥胖或疾病的標(biāo)志物,,這可能對(duì)診斷和預(yù)后有意義,。
如果這是真的,那么在診斷某種疾病或評(píng)估某人患上特定疾病的可能性時(shí),,醫(yī)生可能會(huì)從細(xì)菌上尋找線索,。診斷之后,治療可能也根據(jù)病人的腸道類型而定,,以確保取得最佳結(jié)果,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Nature DOI: doi:10.1038/nature09944
Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome
Manimozhiyan Arumugam; Jeroen Raes; Eric Pelletier; Denis Le Paslier; Takuji Yamada; Daniel R. Mende; Gabriel R. Fernandes; Julien Tap; Thomas Bruls; Jean-Michel Batto; Marcelo Bertalan; Natalia Borruel; Francesc Casellas; Leyden Fernandez; Laurent Gautier; Torben Hansen; Masahira Hattori; Tetsuya Hayashi; Michiel Kleerebezem; Ken Kurokawa; Marion Leclerc; Florence Levenez; Chaysavanh Manichanh; H. Bj?rn Nielsen; Trine Nielsen; Nicolas Pons; Julie Poulain; Junjie Qin; Thomas Sicheritz-Po
Our knowledge of species and functional composition of the human gut microbiome is rapidly increasing, but it is still based on very few cohorts and little is known about variation across the world. By combining 22 newly sequenced faecal metagenomes of individuals from four countries with previously published data sets, here we identify three robust clusters (referred to as enterotypes hereafter) that are not nation or continent specific. We also confirmed the enterotypes in two published, larger cohorts, indicating that intestinal microbiota variation is generally stratified, not continuous. This indicates further the existence of a limited number of well-balanced host–microbial symbiotic states that might respond differently to diet and drug intake. The enterotypes are mostly driven by species composition, but abundant molecular functions are not necessarily provided by abundant species, highlighting the importance of a functional analysis to understand microbial communities. Although individual host properties such as body mass index, age, or gender cannot explain the observed enterotypes, data-driven marker genes or functional modules can be identified for each of these host properties. For example, twelve genes significantly correlate with age and three functional modules with the body mass index, hinting at a diagnostic potential of microbial markers.