研究者Varki和其同事研究表明,,傳染病可以影響人類的起源與進化。(Credit: Image courtesy of University of California, San Diego Health Sciences)
大約在10萬年前,,人類的進化達到了一個瓶頸期,,我們的祖先減少到大約5-10萬人生活在非洲,如今的現(xiàn)代人就是從這些人群中演變而來的,,并且在數(shù)量和范圍上急劇擴散,,最后取代了其他共同存在的遠房親戚,就比如穴居人,。如今這個瓶頸問題依然沒有解決,,各種猜測的原因都有,比如基因突變,、文化發(fā)展差異以及火山噴發(fā)等等,。當然了,這其中還有另外的一個因素:感染性疾病的發(fā)生,。
這項刊登在6月4日的國際雜志PNAS上的研究指出,,兩種和免疫系統(tǒng)相關的特異性基因的失活或許解釋了如今選定的現(xiàn)代人類的祖先都是具有抵御致病性細菌的能力的。這項研究由加利福尼亞大學的研究者來進行,。
在一個小的受限制的群體中,,一個單一的突變可以引發(fā)大的效應,一種罕見的等位基因可以達到更高的頻率,。研究者Ajit Varki表示,,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩個人類非功能性的基因,這兩個基因可以作為致病菌的靶點,,可以引發(fā)新生兒的死亡,。新生兒的死亡可以極大地改變人類的繁殖適度,。物種的生存依賴的是其要么可以抵御致病菌要么可以消除致病菌的靶位蛋白。
這項研究中,,來自各國的研究者重點關注了兩個唾液酸信號受體siglecs,,這兩個受體的失活可以調節(jié)免疫系統(tǒng),而且這兩個基因在人類進化的過程中被認為是應當被激活的,。
研究者Varki以前研究表明,,一些致病菌可以利用siglecs來改變宿主的免疫效應。在這項最新的研究當中,,科學家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了基因siglec-13在部分現(xiàn)代人中并不存在,,盡管該基因在黑猩猩中完整而且有功能;另外一個基因siglec-17在人類機體中表達,,但是該基因如果稍微做出調整,,其失活的蛋白質就會作為致病菌侵入的靶點。
基因組測序可以為我們研究有機體的進化提供強有力的視野,,當然包括人類,,研究者Eric D.Green表示,在一項新的實驗中,,科學家復活了“分子化石”,,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)這些蛋白質可以被致病菌大腸桿菌和鏈球菌所識別,現(xiàn)代的致病菌依然可以結合蛋白質并且潛在地改變宿主的免疫反應,。
盡管不可能精確地分辨出在進化過程中到底發(fā)生了什么,,但是研究者們通過研究這些基因周圍的分子特征,表示大約在10萬至20萬年之間,,我們的祖先經(jīng)歷了一次大規(guī)模的致病菌的威脅,,這就意味著有選擇性的清除會改變祖先的數(shù)量,僅僅會有攜帶有基因突變的個體會存活下來,,因此,,現(xiàn)代人中都攜帶有非功能性的siglec-17基因和siglec-13基因的缺失。
Varki表示,,人類進化的瓶頸是很多因子多重復雜作用的結果,,物種的形成是受很多因素所牽引的,當然了,,感染性的因子也是其中的一種,。研究者的這項研究由美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院等機構支持。(生物谷Bioon.com)
編譯自:How Infectious Disease May Have Shaped Human Origins
編譯者:T.Shen
doi:10.1073/pnas.1119459109
PMC:
PMID:
Specific inactivation of two immunomodulatory SIGLEC genes during human evolution
Xiaoxia Wanga,b,1, Nivedita Mitraa,b,1, Ismael Secundinoa,b,c,1, Kalyan Bandaa,b, Pedro Cruzd, Vered Padler-Karavania,b, Andrea Verhagena,b, Chris Reida,b, Martina Larie, Ermanno Rizzif, Carlotta Balsamoe, Giorgio Cortif, Gianluca De Bellisf, Laura Longog, NISC Comparative Sequencing Programd,2, William Beggsh, David Caramellie, Sarah A. Tishkoffh, Toshiyuki Hayakawai, Eric D. Greend, James C. Mullikind, Victor Nizeta,b,c, Jack Buia, and Ajit Varkia,b,3
Sialic acid-recognizing Ig-like lectins (Siglecs) are signaling receptors that modulate immune responses, and are targeted for interactions by certain pathogens. We describe two primate Siglecs that were rendered nonfunctional by single genetic events during hominin evolution after our common ancestor with the chimpanzee. SIGLEC13 was deleted by an Alu-mediated recombination event, and a single base pair deletion disrupted the ORF of SIGLEC17. Siglec-13 is expressed on chimpanzee monocytes, innate immune cells that react to bacteria. The human SIGLEC17P pseudogene mRNA is still expressed at high levels in human natural killer cells, which bridge innate and adaptive immune responses. As both resulting pseudogenes are homozygous in all human populations, we resurrected the originally encoded proteins and examined their functions. Chimpanzee Siglec-13 and the resurrected human Siglec-17 recruit a signaling adapter and bind sialic acids. Expression of either Siglec in innate immune cells alters inflammatory cytokine secretion in response to Toll-like receptor-4 stimulation. Both Siglecs can also be engaged by two potentially lethal sialylated bacterial pathogens of newborns and infants, agents with a potential impact on reproductive fitness. Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes show human-like sequences at both loci, corroborating estimates that the initial pseudogenization events occurred in the common ancestral population of these hominins. Both loci also show limited polymorphic diversity, suggesting selection forces predating the origin of modern humans. Taken together, these data suggest that genetic elimination of Siglec-13 and/or Siglec-17 represents signatures of infectious and/or other inflammatory selective processes contributing to population restrictions during hominin origins.