生物谷報(bào)道:近日,,美國(guó)俄勒岡健康科學(xué)大學(xué)(OHSU)的研究人員通過(guò)觀察調(diào)制心肌細(xì)胞發(fā)送和接收信號(hào)的方式,為心臟病及其它紊亂性疾病研究提供了新的思路,。 在上周剛剛出版的Nature上報(bào)道了這一發(fā)現(xiàn),,這是近年來(lái)心臟領(lǐng)域最重要的進(jìn)展之一,。眾所周知,心肌細(xì)胞肥大會(huì)導(dǎo)致充血性心力衰竭和其它心血管疾病的形成,,每年約有7千多萬(wàn)美國(guó)人患此病,,其中140萬(wàn)人死亡。
美國(guó)霍華德醫(yī)學(xué)研究所John Scott博士等發(fā)現(xiàn),,當(dāng)復(fù)雜的細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)途徑受到一個(gè)叫做肌肉特化錨定蛋白激酶(mAKAPs)的信使分子控制時(shí),,心肌細(xì)胞變大并出現(xiàn)紊亂。從而誘發(fā)各種心臟疾病和心力衰竭,。
先前研究已經(jīng)了解細(xì)胞間的通訊的信使分子,,如激素,它能刺激受體細(xì)胞特殊小室中AMP循環(huán)(cAMP)中的第二信使分子,。先前知道,,cAMP不僅會(huì)激活PKA激酶,同時(shí)也會(huì)激活某種離子通道和鳥嘌呤核苷酸交換因子(guanine nucleotide exchange factors, Epacs),,而cAMP則通過(guò)磷脂酶(PDE)進(jìn)行代謝,。而Scott博士發(fā)現(xiàn)在于:cAMP,PKA,PDF4D3,Epac1這些相互作用的蛋白是如何相互作用的,因?yàn)樗鼈儽涣硪粋€(gè)巨大的因子mAKAPs錨定在細(xì)胞中特定位置,。因?yàn)橛衜AKAP的固定,,這使得上述信號(hào)通路能得以正常進(jìn)行下去。正因?yàn)橛兴腻^定,,使得遠(yuǎn)距離的cAMP信號(hào)能夠順利地在每一個(gè)的效應(yīng)蛋白間傳遞下去,。
mAKAP錨定PKA,PKA激活PDE4D3,,后者可以降解cAMP,,從而導(dǎo)致局部的cAMP濃度降低。但同時(shí),,mAPKP相關(guān)的ERK5激活又反過(guò)來(lái)抑制PDE4D3的活性,,防止其過(guò)度降解cAMP,維持cAMP平衡,。同時(shí),,PDE4D3也作為一種接頭蛋白,參與Epac1的信號(hào)環(huán)路,。因?yàn)镋pac1能減弱cAMP依賴的ERK5的活性,。從而進(jìn)一步維持環(huán)路的穩(wěn)定。正因?yàn)檫@些環(huán)路在不同的水平形成回路,,從而有效保持了信號(hào)的平衡。在其中mAPKP起到關(guān)鍵性作用,。
如果通過(guò)藥理學(xué)手段或分子生物學(xué)手段改變mAKAP復(fù)合體,,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)錨定的ERK5能誘導(dǎo)心肌肥厚,。可見,,上述兩個(gè)cAMP依賴的反饋環(huán)路都與mAKAP復(fù)合體直接相關(guān),。也就是說(shuō),AKAP蛋白是內(nèi)在的控制局部cAMP信號(hào)的天然靶場(chǎng),。
很多的磷酸二酯酶都是藥物靶,,因此藥物能靶向特定的磷酸二酯酶,這對(duì)藥物靶的研制具有重要作用,。除此之外,,這些分子還可作為心臟病的特定標(biāo)記,例如鈣元素控制心率,,且由AMP循環(huán)調(diào)節(jié),。
為了研究心肌細(xì)胞中的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)情況,Scott等用熒光顯微鏡來(lái)捕獲蛋白分子鏈并將其染成各種顏色以顯示細(xì)胞中PKA的活性,。磷酸二酯酶作為一個(gè)很好的藥物靶,,將會(huì)在藥物干涉研究中發(fā)揮重要作用。
生物谷專家認(rèn)為,,此項(xiàng)研究的重要價(jià)值在于發(fā)現(xiàn)了心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)部cAMP信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)的環(huán)路發(fā)生的場(chǎng)所,。先前很多研究認(rèn)為mAKAP會(huì)與RyR,NCX等受體形成大的復(fù)合體,,從而調(diào)節(jié)了心率,,心肌生長(zhǎng)等多種功能。實(shí)際這一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,mAKAP是提供了天然的場(chǎng)所,,是使其它信號(hào)能精確地調(diào)控的基地。這也使人們更深入認(rèn)識(shí)信號(hào)在細(xì)胞內(nèi)局部傳導(dǎo)和發(fā)揮作用的新機(jī)制,,也提示了信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)研究的新思維和新認(rèn)識(shí),。
a−c, Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) induces changes in RNV size. The outline of a rat neonatal ventriculocyte from control (a) and LIF-treated (b) samples is presented. Scale bar, 20 m. c, Quantification of cell size in control RNVs (lane 1, n = 11) and LIF-treated RNVs (lane 2 (n = 11) and lanes 3−5). Pharmacological manipulation of ERK5 (PD98095, n = 4), Epac1 (007, n = 4) or PDE4 (rolipram, n = 7) activity is indicated. d, Expression of mAKAP was suppressed by RNA interference. Quantification of LIF-induced hypertrophy (cell size LIF) in control RNVs (lane 1, n = 12), mAKAP-silenced RNVs (lane 2, n = 19) and RNVs rescued with a variant of mAKAP resistant to the shRNA (lane 3, n = 13). e, Displacement of mAKAP from the nuclear membrane was achieved by overexpression of an mAKAP targeting domain fragment using the TET OFF inducible promoter. Quantification of cell size from control (lane 1, n = 3), from LIF-stimulated RNV controls (lane 2, n = 4), and from LIF-stimulated cells expressing the mAKAP 585−1286 fragment (lane 3, n = 4). P values are indicated by asterisks (black, relative to control; red, relative to sample): single asterisk, P < 0.05; two asterisks, P < 0.01. Error bars in c−e show s.e.m. f−i, Schematics highlighting the main findings of this study. f, ERK5 phosphorylation of PDE4D3 shuts down cAMP metabolism. g, PKA phosphorylation of PDE4D3 enhances cAMP metabolism. h, Activation of Epac mobilizes Rap1 to suppress ERK5 activation. i, Low cAMP represses the Epac-mediated block of ERK5, allowing cardiac hypertrophy.
原始出處:
Dodge-Kafka KL, Soughayer J, Pare GC, Carlisle Michel JJ, Langeberg LK, Kapiloff MS, Scott JD. The protein kinase A anchoring protein mAKAP coordinates two integrated cAMP effector pathways. Nature. 2005 Sep 22;437(7058):574-8
有關(guān)信號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的生物谷內(nèi)報(bào)道:生物谷專題:信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的新視點(diǎn)
·Nature:美國(guó)科學(xué)家首次捕獲到人類細(xì)胞的信號(hào)傳送情況
·Nature:新方法有助于研究細(xì)胞關(guān)鍵信號(hào)途徑
·信號(hào)研究新觀點(diǎn):NF-kB信號(hào)存在震蕩性
·Cell:細(xì)胞周期的動(dòng)力學(xué)被揭示--阻尼震蕩
·細(xì)胞周期及其調(diào)節(jié)的正負(fù)因素
·生物谷專題:信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的新視點(diǎn)
·神經(jīng)元內(nèi)蛋白分區(qū)化合成和降解
相關(guān)研究
Pare GC, Easlick JL, Mislow JM, McNally EM, Kapiloff MS. Nesprin-1alpha contributes to the targeting of mAKAP to the cardiac myocyte nuclear envelope.
Exp Cell Res. 2005 Feb 15;303(2):388-99
Bers DM. Macromolecular complexes regulating cardiac ryanodine receptor function.
J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004 Aug;37(2):417-29
Carlisle Michel JJ, Dodge KL, Wong W, Mayer NC, Langeberg LK, Scott JD. PKA-phosphorylation of PDE4D3 facilitates recruitment of the mAKAP signalling complex.
Biochem J. 2004 Aug 1;381(Pt 3):587-92
Rohman MS, Emoto N, Takeshima Y, Yokoyama M, Matsuo M. Decreased mAKAP, ryanodine receptor, and SERCA2a gene expression in mdx hearts.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Oct 10;310(1):228-35.
Schulze DH, Muqhal M, Lederer WJ, Ruknudin AM. Sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX1) macromolecular complex.
J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 1;278(31):28849-55.
Ruehr ML, Russell MA, Ferguson DG, Bhat M, Ma J, Damron DS, Scott JD, Bond M. Targeting of protein kinase A by muscle A kinase-anchoring protein (mAKAP) regulates phosphorylation and function of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 4;278(27):24831-6.