美國(guó)研究人員在患糖尿病的老鼠身上做實(shí)驗(yàn),將普通細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化成可分泌胰島素的胰島β細(xì)胞,,減輕了病情,。這一研究利用基因重組技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)不同種類成體細(xì)胞間直接轉(zhuǎn)化,,代表再生醫(yī)學(xué)的重大進(jìn)步。
試驗(yàn)
美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院和波士頓兒童醫(yī)院研究人員開(kāi)展了這項(xiàng)研究,。
他們通過(guò)注射冷凍的普通腺病毒,,把三種基因送入體內(nèi)缺乏胰島β細(xì)胞的病鼠胰腺內(nèi),結(jié)果胰腺內(nèi)大約20%的外分泌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化成胰島β細(xì)胞,。胰島β細(xì)胞增加,,分泌的胰島素相應(yīng)增多,病鼠體內(nèi)過(guò)高的血糖水平降低,,糖尿病病情減輕,。
實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,腺病毒攜帶的Ngn3,、Pdx1和Mafa三種基因具備將普通細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化成胰島β細(xì)胞的功能,。胰島β細(xì)胞數(shù)量稀少,一旦遭破壞,,就會(huì)引發(fā)I型糖尿病,。外分泌細(xì)胞較常見(jiàn),在胰腺中大約占95%。研究小組負(fù)責(zé)人道格拉斯·梅爾頓說(shuō):“這些(新轉(zhuǎn)化的)胰島β細(xì)胞狀態(tài)穩(wěn)定,,分泌胰島素,,維系老鼠的生命。”
梅爾頓是霍華德·休斯醫(yī)學(xué)研究所研究員和世界一流的干細(xì)胞研究專家,。他兩個(gè)孩子罹患I型糖尿病,。
突破
這項(xiàng)研究成果刊登在《自然》(Nature)雜志上。媒體評(píng)論說(shuō),,這一研究代表克隆技術(shù)新突破,。
去年11月,美國(guó)和日本研究人員采用基因直接重組技術(shù),,把普通皮膚細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化成帶有胚胎干細(xì)胞性質(zhì)的細(xì)胞,。
研究人員認(rèn)為,這種細(xì)胞有望代替干細(xì)胞,,分化為具備特定功能的成體細(xì)胞,,實(shí)現(xiàn)人體組織或器官移植。但梅爾頓領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究小組實(shí)現(xiàn)成體細(xì)胞間直接轉(zhuǎn)化,,簡(jiǎn)化細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程,,省略了將普通細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化成具備胚胎干細(xì)胞特點(diǎn)的細(xì)胞這一過(guò)程。而胚胎干細(xì)胞研究需要損毀幾天大的胚胎,,因此一直極具道德?tīng)?zhēng)議,。
前景
梅爾頓在研究報(bào)告中說(shuō),新技術(shù)理論上同樣適用于人類細(xì)胞,,如皮膚細(xì)胞和脂肪細(xì)胞,。這一技術(shù)可能首先用于治療II型糖尿病重癥患者。
II型糖尿病患者一般體內(nèi)有胰島β細(xì)胞,,仍分泌胰島素,,但周?chē)M織對(duì)它不敏感,胰島素的作用大打折扣,。重癥患者則不再分泌胰島素,。“對(duì)于I型糖尿病,我們?nèi)悦媾R自身免疫抵抗的棘手難題,,”梅爾頓說(shuō),。
I型糖尿病是由患者體內(nèi)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤免疫反應(yīng)、殺死胰島β細(xì)胞所致,。任何轉(zhuǎn)化成具有胰島β細(xì)胞功能的細(xì)胞同樣難逃厄運(yùn),。
梅爾頓希望找到避免使用病毒的方法,將三種基因注入人體實(shí)驗(yàn),,否則風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大,,可能招致美國(guó)藥物管理部門(mén)反對(duì)。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Nature,doi:10.1038/nature07314,,Qiao Zhou,,Douglas A. Melton
In vivo reprogramming of adult pancreatic exocrine cells to -cells
Qiao Zhou1, Juliana Brown2, Andrew Kanarek1, Jayaraj Rajagopal1 & Douglas A. Melton1
Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5724, USA
One goal of regenerative medicine is to instructively convert adult cells into other cell types for tissue repair and regeneration. Although isolated examples of adult cell reprogramming are known, there is no general understanding of how to turn one cell type into another in a controlled manner. Here, using a strategy of re-expressing key developmental regulators in vivo, we identify a specific combination of three transcription factors (Ngn3 (also known as Neurog3) Pdx1 and Mafa) that reprograms differentiated pancreatic exocrine cells in adult mice into cells that closely resemble -cells. The induced -cells are indistinguishable from endogenous islet -cells in size, shape and ultrastructure. They express genes essential for -cell function and can ameliorate hyperglycaemia by remodelling local vasculature and secreting insulin. This study provides an example of cellular reprogramming using defined factors in an adult organ and suggests a general paradigm for directing cell reprogramming without reversion to a pluripotent stem cell state.