人體的細(xì)胞永遠(yuǎn)處于“自毀”的邊緣,。通過啟動(dòng)這種自毀的機(jī)制即凋亡,,人體可將不需要或有缺陷的細(xì)胞例如癌前細(xì)胞殺死,。但有時(shí)這一機(jī)制也會(huì)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤,,導(dǎo)致儲(chǔ)存記憶的腦細(xì)胞被破壞,。洛克菲勒大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們正在對(duì)凋亡展開研究希望了解其詳細(xì)的機(jī)制,,最終幫助他們能夠控制這一過程,,殺死“無用”或“有害”的細(xì)胞,保護(hù)“有益”的細(xì)胞,。最新的研究數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)表在《細(xì)胞生物學(xué)雜志》(JCB)上,。
在論文中,洛大細(xì)胞凋亡及癌癥生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的博士后研究員Cristinel Sandu領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究小組對(duì)Reaper蛋白展開了深度探討,。早在1994年Steller就在《科學(xué)》雜志上發(fā)表論文第一次對(duì)Reaper蛋白進(jìn)行了描述,。在正常狀態(tài)下,,Reaper蛋白可干擾細(xì)胞凋亡抑制蛋白(IAPs)的抗凋亡作用。Reaper發(fā)出凋亡信號(hào),,啟動(dòng)凋亡程序,,然后由caspases執(zhí)行凋亡過程。
“就像死神一樣,,Reaper是凋亡的宣告者,,但卻不是執(zhí)行人。它是啟動(dòng)整個(gè)過程的關(guān)鍵,。”Steller說道,。
過去的研究曾證實(shí)Reaper和Hid 、Grim都可啟動(dòng)果蠅細(xì)胞凋亡,,而在人體及其他哺乳動(dòng)物中也找到了功能相似的相關(guān)蛋白,。然而科學(xué)家們?nèi)詿o法解答Reaper是通過何種機(jī)制在何處啟動(dòng)的凋亡。Sandu和同事們培育了一種遺傳修飾果蠅,,這種果蠅的眼睛可特異地表達(dá)各種變異Reaper蛋白,。這使研究者們能夠評(píng)估各個(gè)蛋白模體對(duì)Reaper誘導(dǎo)凋亡功能的影響。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)特殊的螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)域?qū)eaper復(fù)合物形成起關(guān)鍵性的作用,,對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾可使蛋白功能變得更強(qiáng),。隨著致死性Reaper變異體表達(dá)增多,果蠅眼睛的損害就越明顯,。
在一系列的生化試驗(yàn)中,,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)Reaper必須進(jìn)入線粒體才能有效發(fā)出“死亡指令”。 Reaper可與Hid相互作用,,以“搭順風(fēng)車”的方式進(jìn)入到線粒體。通過熒光標(biāo)記Hid 和Reaper,,Sandu觀察到Hid 和Reaper形成復(fù)合物,,并聚集到線粒體膜上。當(dāng)研究人員利用實(shí)驗(yàn)操作使Reaper直接進(jìn)入線粒體膜時(shí),,其啟動(dòng)的細(xì)胞凋亡效應(yīng)大大增強(qiáng),。進(jìn)一步的實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)當(dāng)Hid形成復(fù)合物可保護(hù)Reaper在細(xì)胞啟動(dòng)凋亡時(shí)免于降解。
現(xiàn)在模擬Reaper部分功能的藥物已進(jìn)入臨床試驗(yàn),。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)越是直接將Reaper靶向線粒體,,它的殺傷效應(yīng)越強(qiáng),這為探索促進(jìn)癌癥治療的方法指出了新方向,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦英文摘要:
JCB doi: 10.1083/jcb.201004086
Drosophila IAP antagonists form multimeric complexes to promote cell death
Cristinel Sandu, Hyung Don Ryoo, and Hermann Steller
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
Apoptosis is a specific form of cell death that is important for normal development and tissue homeostasis. Caspases are critical executioners of apoptosis, and living cells prevent their inappropriate activation through inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). In Drosophila, caspase activation depends on the IAP antagonists, Reaper (Rpr), Head involution defective (Hid), and Grim. These proteins share a common motif to bind Drosophila IAP1 (DIAP1) and have partially redundant functions. We now show that IAP antagonists physically interact with each other. Rpr is able to self-associate and also binds to Hid and Grim. We have defined the domain involved in self-association and demonstrate that it is critical for cell-killing activity in vivo. In addition, we show that Rpr requires Hid for recruitment to the mitochondrial membrane and for efficient induction of cell death in vivo. Both targeting of Rpr to mitochondria and forced dimerization strongly promotes apoptosis. Our results reveal the functional importance of a previously unrecognized multimeric IAP antagonist complex for the induction of apoptosis.