來(lái)自哈佛大學(xué)FAC系統(tǒng)生物學(xué)研究中心,干細(xì)胞與再生生物學(xué)系發(fā)表文章,,描述了小鼠胚胎干細(xì)胞如何失去多能性,,以及如何在胚層分化方向之間選擇,這為胚胎干細(xì)胞分化調(diào)控提出了一種新的觀點(diǎn),,有助于科學(xué)家們更深入的了解祖細(xì)胞中調(diào)控細(xì)胞命名的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子網(wǎng)絡(luò),。這一研究成果公布在Cell雜志上,自發(fā)表后引起了多方的關(guān)注,。
受精卵經(jīng)過(guò)卵裂被分割成很多小細(xì)胞,,這些由小細(xì)胞組成的中空球形體稱為囊胚。囊胚細(xì)胞遷移,、轉(zhuǎn)變形成原腸胚,,由三層細(xì)胞層構(gòu)成:外胚層(ectoderm)、中胚層(mesoderm),、內(nèi)胚層(endoderm),。細(xì)胞首次在囊胚期胚胎的原始外胚層細(xì)胞中形成的多能狀態(tài),在隨后的發(fā)育中會(huì)失去,。目前科學(xué)家們并不清楚這種多能性向分化細(xì)胞狀態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)程中的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控機(jī)制,,
在這篇文章中,研究人員分析了小鼠胚胎干細(xì)胞ESCs如何失去這種多能性,,以及如何在各胚層之間進(jìn)行選擇的,。他們通過(guò)解析維持多能性的轉(zhuǎn)錄循環(huán)動(dòng)力學(xué),,從中發(fā)現(xiàn)Oct4和Sox2這兩種蛋白能維持ESCs的特性,并調(diào)控胚層的選擇,。
Oct4是一種重要的干細(xì)胞調(diào)控蛋白,,之前的研究曾發(fā)現(xiàn)這種蛋白能與基因中的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合,使干細(xì)胞保持其多能性,,Oct4可以有不同的作用機(jī)制,在和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合期間,,一些小分子的結(jié)合會(huì)導(dǎo)致蛋白的化學(xué)變化,。單也有研究人員提出Oct4并不具有調(diào)控成體干細(xì)胞的功能。而SOX2蛋白也是干細(xì)胞研究中廣泛關(guān)注的一種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,,是保持未分化胚胎干細(xì)胞自我更新的重要調(diào)節(jié)因素,。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)Oct4能抑制神經(jīng)外胚層分化,促進(jìn)mesendodermal分化,,同時(shí)Sox2能抑制mesendodermal分化,,而促進(jìn)神經(jīng)外胚層分化。生物機(jī)體發(fā)出不斷的發(fā)出不同的信號(hào),,調(diào)節(jié)Oct4和Sox2蛋白的表達(dá)水平,,改變它們?cè)诨蚪M中結(jié)合方式,從而來(lái)控制分化的方向,。
這些研究結(jié)果為胚胎干細(xì)胞分化調(diào)控提出了一種新的觀點(diǎn),,有助于科學(xué)家們更深入的了解祖細(xì)胞中調(diào)控細(xì)胞命名的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
Ramanathan研究組在光遺傳學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域也獲得了重要的成果,,他們利用光和遺傳學(xué)方法來(lái)追蹤神經(jīng)元之間互相激發(fā)或抑制的影響,,揭示了在活體動(dòng)物中神經(jīng)元相互交流的機(jī)制。
這種新方法為小神經(jīng)通路的分析提供了一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的工具,,能夠直接測(cè)量神經(jīng)元之間的交流,,研究人員希望這項(xiàng)技術(shù)能夠最終更廣泛的用于檢測(cè)神經(jīng)通路中的活性傳播。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Cell doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.05.017
Pluripotency Factors in Embryonic Stem Cells Regulate Differentiation into Germ Layers
Matt Thomson, Siyuan John Liu, Ling-Nan Zou, Zack Smith, Alexander Meissner, Sharad Ramanathan
Cell fate decisions are fundamental for development, but we do not know how transcriptional networks reorganize during the transition from a pluripotent to a differentiated cell state. Here, we asked how mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) leave the pluripotent state and choose between germ layer fates. By analyzing the dynamics of the transcriptional circuit that maintains pluripotency, we found that Oct4 and Sox2, proteins that maintain ESC identity, also orchestrate germ layer fate selection. Oct4 suppresses neural ectodermal differentiation and promotes mesendodermal differentiation; Sox2 inhibits mesendodermal differentiation and promotes neural ectodermal differentiation. Differentiation signals continuously and asymmetrically modulate Oct4 and Sox2 protein levels, altering their binding pattern in the genome, and leading to cell fate choice. The same factors that maintain pluripotency thus also integrate external signals and control lineage selection. Our study provides a framework for understanding how complex transcription factor networks control cell fate decisions in progenitor cells.