果蠅常被用來(lái)進(jìn)行遺傳研究,,因?yàn)槠鋲勖容^短,,而且在實(shí)驗(yàn)室可以很容易繁殖,其突變體可以被廣泛使用,。目前果蠅有1500中已知的種,。近日一項(xiàng)刊登在Science上的研究追蹤了果蠅一對(duì)性染色體的進(jìn)化歷程,,這對(duì)染色體大約在100萬(wàn)年之前出現(xiàn)。
果蠅的X,、Y染色體和人類的很像,,在尺寸和基本序列上存在很多不同;人類的染色體對(duì)被認(rèn)為是出現(xiàn)于200萬(wàn)年之前,,Y染色體僅僅包含有50個(gè)基因,,而X染色體包含著將近1000個(gè)基因。在許多物種中,,從常染色體到性染色體的進(jìn)化發(fā)生的時(shí)間非常之久,而且難以追蹤,。
來(lái)自加州大學(xué)的研究者通過(guò)研究果蠅屬米蘭達(dá)果蠅(miranda flies)的全基因組,,試圖去尋找性染色體的進(jìn)化過(guò)程。
當(dāng)果蠅近X和近Y染色體形成的時(shí)候,,大約3000個(gè)基因和性染色體相關(guān),,雌性果蠅X染色體有兩個(gè)拷貝,而雄性X和Y各有一個(gè)拷貝,。在數(shù)百萬(wàn)年的進(jìn)化之中,,Y染色體顯現(xiàn)出大的退化跡象,有近乎三分之一的Y染色體失去了功能,。隨著基因失去功能,,Y染色體上的其它基因開始進(jìn)化變得對(duì)雄性更加有益,并且表達(dá)諸如男性的一些標(biāo)志性特征,,如前列腺以及睪丸等,。相似的進(jìn)化也發(fā)生在X染色體上,隨之表現(xiàn)而來(lái)的是基因表達(dá)成為特定的雌性組織,。
基因表達(dá)的過(guò)程對(duì)于雌性比較有益,,因?yàn)樾坌詢H僅含有一個(gè)拷貝的X染色體,相比Y染色體而言,,X染色體的表達(dá)分配會(huì)更慢一些,。然而X染色體的進(jìn)化并不緩慢,當(dāng)然包括一些大事件的發(fā)生,,比如其它染色體上的基因摻入X染色體中,。
研究者Bachtrog表示,果蠅中某些性染色體也會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變成為常染色體,,而且很有可能米蘭達(dá)果蠅的Y染色體最終會(huì)消失,,或者有可能另外一種決定性別的機(jī)制正在進(jìn)化之中。(生物谷Bioon.com)
編譯自:Sex chromosome evolution tracked in fruit fly
doi:10.1126/science.1225385
PMC:
PMID:
Sex-Specific Adaptation Drives Early Sex Chromosome Evolution in Drosophila.
Qi Zhou, Doris Bachtrog*
Most species’ sex chromosomes are derived from ancient autosomes and show few signatures of their origins. We studied the sex chromosomes of Drosophila miranda, where a neo-Y chromosome originated only approximately 1 million years ago. Whole-genome and transcriptome analysis reveals massive degeneration of the neo-Y, that male-beneficial genes on the neo-Y are more likely to undergo accelerated protein evolution, and that neo-Y genes evolve biased expression toward male-specific tissues—the shrinking gene content of the neo-Y becomes masculinized. In contrast, although older X chromosomes show a paucity of genes expressed in male tissues, neo-X genes highly expressed in male-specific tissues undergo increased rates of protein evolution if haploid in males. Thus, the response to sex-specific selection can shift at different stages of X differentiation, resulting in masculinization or demasculinization of the X-chromosomal gene content.