2012年12月03日 訊 /生物谷BIOON/ --胚胎發(fā)育是一種精心打造的復(fù)雜過程:任何事情只有在合適的時間合適的地點才能發(fā)揮作用。發(fā)育生物學(xué)家和細(xì)胞生物學(xué)家一直在揭示確定我們?nèi)绾纬蔀槿祟惖姆肿泳€索,。
美國斯坦福-伯納姆醫(yī)學(xué)研究所肌肉發(fā)育與再生項目主任和教授Mark Mercola博士解釋道,,“首先,可能也是發(fā)育中最為重要的一步是將細(xì)胞分配到三個胚層---外胚層,、中胚層和內(nèi)胚層,,其中這三個胚層產(chǎn)生體內(nèi)所有的組織和器官。”
在當(dāng)前一項新的研究中,,Mercola博士和包括博士后研究員Alexandre Colas博士和Wesley McKeithan在內(nèi)的研究團隊發(fā)現(xiàn)在發(fā)育期間,,微RNA(microRNA, miRNA)在這種細(xì)胞與胚層分配過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。相關(guān)研究結(jié)果近期發(fā)表在Genes & Development期刊上,。
因為miRNA不能編碼蛋白,,因此多年來科學(xué)家們一直錯誤地將編碼這些小的非蛋白編碼RNA的基因組區(qū)域視為“垃圾”。如今,,我們知道m(xù)iRNA遠(yuǎn)不只是垃圾,。它們確實不編碼它們自己的蛋白,但是它們結(jié)合mRNA并阻止它們編碼蛋白,。這樣,,miRNA在確定哪些蛋白在給定時間內(nèi)是否產(chǎn)生中發(fā)揮著重要的作用??傊?,miRNA在正常的細(xì)胞功能和人類疾病產(chǎn)生中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。
為了精確描述在早期胚胎發(fā)育中哪些miR影響胚層形成,,Mercola和他的研究團隊研究了人類基因組中大約900個miR,。他們測試了每個miR指導(dǎo)胚胎干細(xì)胞形成中胚層和內(nèi)胚層的能力。這樣,,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個被稱作let-7和miR-18的miR家族阻斷內(nèi)胚層形成,,同時促進中胚層和外胚層形成。
研究人員通過人為地阻斷l(xiāng)et-7功能而證實了他們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),。這顯著性地改變了胚胎細(xì)胞的命運而使得原本形成中胚層和外胚層的過程偏向內(nèi)胚層形成,,從而強調(diào)了這個miR在發(fā)育中發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用。
研究人員還確定let-7和miR-18通過抑制TGFβ信號途徑而指導(dǎo)中胚層和外胚層形成。TGFβ一種影響很多細(xì)胞行為(包括增殖和分化)的分子,。當(dāng)這些miR調(diào)節(jié)TGFβ活性時,,它們按照一定的途徑轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)細(xì)胞---一些細(xì)胞形成骨組織,而其他的細(xì)胞形成大腦,。
doi: 10.1101/gad.200758.112
PMC:
PMID:
Whole-genome microRNA screening identifies let-7 and mir-18 as regulators of germ layer formation during early embryogenesis
Alexandre R. Colas1, Wesley L. McKeithan1, Thomas J. Cunningham1, Paul J. Bushway1, Lana X. Garmire2, Gregg Duester1, Shankar Subramaniam2 and Mark Mercola
Tight control over the segregation of endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm is essential for normal embryonic development of all species, yet how neighboring embryonic blastomeres can contribute to different germ layers has never been fully explained. We postulated that microRNAs, which fine-tune many biological processes, might modulate the response of embryonic blastomeres to growth factors and other signals that govern germ layer fate. A systematic screen of a whole-genome microRNA library revealed that the let-7 and miR-18 families increase mesoderm at the expense of endoderm in mouse embryonic stem cells. Both families are expressed in ectoderm and mesoderm, but not endoderm, as these tissues become distinct during mouse and frog embryogenesis. Blocking let-7 function in vivo dramatically affected cell fate, diverting presumptive mesoderm and ectoderm into endoderm. siRNA knockdown of computationally predicted targets followed by mutational analyses revealed that let-7 and miR-18 down-regulate Acvr1b and Smad2, respectively, to attenuate Nodal responsiveness and bias blastomeres to ectoderm and mesoderm fates. These findings suggest a crucial role for the let-7 and miR-18 families in germ layer specification and reveal a remarkable conservation of function from amphibians to mammals.