對(duì)真核生物進(jìn)行全基因組測(cè)序在二十世紀(jì)還是一項(xiàng)了不起的大工程,,直到2000年末人們還只完成了四項(xiàng)這樣的研究,。不過(guò)自那以后,測(cè)序技術(shù)的飛速進(jìn)步使全基因組測(cè)序?qū)τ谠S多研究團(tuán)隊(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)觸手可及,,現(xiàn)在每隔不久就會(huì)涌現(xiàn)出一項(xiàng)新的測(cè)序成果,。日前,維也納獸醫(yī)大學(xué)Christian Schlotterer研究組的Viola Nolte發(fā)表了該校第一項(xiàng)真核生物全基因組測(cè)序成果,,揭示了物種進(jìn)化的奇妙之處,,文章發(fā)表在近期的Genome Research雜志上。
研究中的果蠅Drosophila mauritiana與著名的黑腹果蠅Drosophila melanogaster是近親,,而此前黑腹果蠅的全基因組測(cè)序已經(jīng)完成?,F(xiàn)在研究人員通過(guò)Illumina GAIIx平臺(tái)得到了果蠅Drosophila mauritiana的全基因組序列,并對(duì)其中的各種基因進(jìn)行了注釋,。這對(duì)于果蠅研究者們來(lái)說(shuō)無(wú)疑大有裨益,。
此外,,這項(xiàng)研究還揭示了果蠅基因組中意義更深遠(yuǎn)的進(jìn)化現(xiàn)象。與廣泛存在的黑腹果蠅不同,,Drosophila mauritiana只位于毛里求斯的島上,,研究人員通過(guò)新分析方法對(duì)該果蠅種群中基因突變的情況進(jìn)行了研究。他們本以為鑒于該物種分布極為有限,,種群中的突變率應(yīng)該相對(duì)較低,。但令人驚奇的是,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)這種果蠅的基因組高度變異,,染色體充滿了突變?cè)斐傻亩鄳B(tài)性,,而且這些多態(tài)性在基因組中并非均勻分布。研究顯示,,在果蠅高度變異的基因組中有兩個(gè)較大區(qū)域的序列高度保守,。研究人員認(rèn)為“變異低谷”被認(rèn)為是選擇性清除selective sweep的結(jié)果,即新出現(xiàn)的突變給果蠅帶來(lái)了很大的選擇優(yōu)勢(shì),,因而在種群中快速擴(kuò)散,,直到它們“固定下來(lái)”成為個(gè)體所必需的存在。
當(dāng)各親本所攜帶的基因在某位點(diǎn)存在等位差異時(shí),,這兩種等位基因傳遞給下一代的幾率是相等的,,這是遺傳學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)理論。然而,,近來(lái)科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)有些基因能夠優(yōu)先傳遞給后代,。其中一種最簡(jiǎn)單的模式是,兩個(gè)緊密相連的基因一個(gè)具有毒性而另一個(gè)賦予相應(yīng)抗性,。毒性基因會(huì)殺死不含抗性基因的配子,,從而有效保證這種等位基因的組合在基因組中快速擴(kuò)散開(kāi)。是否就是這樣的基因組內(nèi)部沖突(intragenomic conflict)形成了果蠅Drosophila mauritiana基因組中的兩個(gè)“變異低谷”呢,?雖然很難得到百分之百確定的答案,,不過(guò)研究人員的確在其中一個(gè)“低谷”發(fā)現(xiàn)了Odysseus基因,而這一基因被認(rèn)為參與了其他果蠅的基因組內(nèi)部沖突,。
研究人員指出,,果蠅Drosophila mauritiana基因組中有兩個(gè)區(qū)域的變異明顯少于周圍區(qū)域,意味著這兩個(gè)區(qū)域中的一些基因在近期參與了基因組內(nèi)部沖突,,而這很可能間接有助于物種特征的確立,。Schlotterer推測(cè),基因組內(nèi)部沖突所涉及的基因就是毛里求斯果蠅的一種“物種形成基因”,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi: 10.1101/gr.139873.112
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Genome-wide patterns of natural variation reveal strong selective sweeps and ongoing genomic conflict in Drosophila mauritiana.
Nolte V, Pandey RV, Kofler R, Schlötterer C.
Although it is well understood that selection shapes the polymorphism pattern in Drosophila, signatures of classic selective sweeps are scarce. Here, we focus on Drosophila mauritiana, an island endemic, which is closely related to Drosophila melanogaster. Based on a new, annotated genome sequence, we characterized the genome-wide polymorphism by sequencing pooled individuals (Pool-seq). We show that the interplay between selection and recombination results in a genome-wide polymorphism pattern characteristic for D. mauritiana. Two large genomic regions (>500 kb) showed the signature of almost complete selective sweeps. We propose that the absence of population structure and limited geographic distribution could explain why such pronounced sweep patterns are restricted to D. mauritiana. Further evidence for strong adaptive evolution was detected for several nucleoporin genes, some of which were not previously identified as genes involved in genomic conflict. Since this adaptive evolution is continuing after the split of D. mauritiana and Drosophila simulans, we conclude that genomic conflict is not restricted to short episodes, but rather an ongoing process in Drosophila.