來自瑞典卡羅琳斯卡醫(yī)學(xué)院的研究人員取得了基因調(diào)控研究的突破性進(jìn)展——他們識別出了結(jié)合在調(diào)控基因表達(dá)的400多個蛋白上的DNA序列,,這將有助于解析為什么不同的個體基因組對疾病患病風(fēng)險的影響不同,。
2000年,科學(xué)家們完成了人類基因組測序,,希望能將這整個人類DNA序列信息,,迅速轉(zhuǎn)換到臨床應(yīng)用上來,比如新型藥物,,和能判斷有患病風(fēng)險的個體的預(yù)測工具,。
然而結(jié)果卻證明這實(shí)際上比預(yù)期的更難以實(shí)現(xiàn),其中的一個原因就在于基因組中只有1%的序列用于編碼蛋白,,其余的大部分都用于了調(diào)控這些蛋白在不同的細(xì)胞和組織中如何表達(dá),。而科學(xué)家們又不清楚哪些DNA序列能結(jié)合一些特異性蛋白,也就是轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,,調(diào)控基因表達(dá),,因此阻擋了臨床應(yīng)用前進(jìn)的步伐。
“基因組就像是一本用外文撰寫的書,,我們知道每個字母,,卻不理解為什么人類基因組造就出的是人,而小鼠基因組生成的是小鼠,,”領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這一研究的Jussi Taipale教授表示,,“為什么某些人患上常見疾病的風(fēng)險更高,比如心臟病或癌癥,,也一直是一個迷,。”
人類基因組編碼約1000個轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,這些作用因子能特異性結(jié)合短序列DNA上,,調(diào)控其它蛋白的表達(dá),。在這篇文章中,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了結(jié)合在超過400個這樣蛋白上的DNA序列,,這些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子占據(jù)了所有人類轉(zhuǎn)錄因子大約一半的份額,。研究人員采用了一種新方法生成數(shù)據(jù),這種方法通過新型DNA測序儀,,生成了數(shù)以百萬的序列,,其結(jié)果也非常精確和可靠。
此外,,研究人員還將人類轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)合特異性,,與小鼠轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了比對,結(jié)果令研究人員感到驚訝的是,,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何差別,。
研究人員認(rèn)為,這些結(jié)果表明人類和小鼠的基因表達(dá)基本機(jī)器十分相似,,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的差別并不會引起其大小和形狀上的變化,,而是由這些結(jié)合其上的特異性序列的存在或缺失,,造成差別。
“總的來說,,這項(xiàng)研究取得了基因表達(dá)調(diào)控研究的突破性進(jìn)展,,朝著解碼基因表達(dá)密碼邁進(jìn)了一大步,也為全球的科學(xué)家們進(jìn)一步了解整個人類基因組的功能,,提供了非常寶貴的資源”,,Taipale教授說,“這項(xiàng)成果提高了我們理解基因組的能力,,也有助于將基因組信息應(yīng)用到臨床上去,。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi: 10.1128/MCB.13.7.3999
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PMID:
DNA-Binding Specificity of GATA Family Transcription Factors
MENIE MERIKA AND STUART H. ORKIN
GATA-binding proteins constitute a family of transcription factors that recognize a target site conforming to the consensus WGATAR (W = A or T and R = A or G). Here we have used the method of polymerase chain reaction-mediated random site selection to assess in an unbiased manner the DNA-binding specificity ofGATA proteins. Contrary to our expectations, we show that GATA proteins bind a variety of motifs that deviate from the previously assigned consensus. Many of the nonconsensus sequences bind protein with high affinity, equivalent to that of conventional GATA motifs. By using the selected sequences as probes in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we demonstrate overlapping, but distinct, sequence preferences for GATA family members, specified by their respective DNA-binding domains. Furthermore, we provide additional evidence for interaction of amino and carboxy fingers of GATA-1 in defining its binding site. By performing cotransfection experiments, we also show that transactivation parallels DNA binding. A chimeric protein containing the finger domain of areA and the activation domains of GATA-1 is capable of activating transcription in mammalian cells through GATA motifs. Our findings suggest a mechanism by which GATA proteins might selectively regulate gene expression in cells in which they are coexpressed.