澳大利亞、英國及美國科學(xué)家近日研究確定,,雖然生殖策略有所不同,,但人類和有袋動物(marsupial)擁有相同的基因印記(genetic imprinting)機(jī)制。這一機(jī)制在1.5億年前進(jìn)化而成,,它調(diào)控胎兒發(fā)育中的基因表達(dá),,并在胎兒的生長中發(fā)揮重要作用。相關(guān)論文發(fā)表在《自然—遺傳學(xué)》(Nature Genetics)上,。
論文作者之一,、澳大利亞墨爾本大學(xué)動物學(xué)系的Andrew Pask說:“我們的每個基因都有兩個副本,分別遺傳自父親和母親,,所以每個基因我們都有一個備份,。通常兩個副本都參與發(fā)育,但在一些特殊情況下,,其中一個副本會被關(guān)閉,,只剩下一個有活性的副本,這種現(xiàn)象就稱作基因印記,。沒有了備份以后,,一旦發(fā)生錯誤,就會導(dǎo)致人類的很多遺傳疾病,,影響生長和大腦功能,。”
Pask解釋說,調(diào)控胎兒生長的關(guān)鍵基因——胰島素樣生長因子Ⅱ(IGF2)就是一個印記基因,。他說:“我們從父親繼承的這個基因的副本能正常行使功能,,而從母親繼承的副本被關(guān)閉。這種開關(guān)由另外一種名為H19的基因所控制,,H19與眾不同,,它制造microRNA而不是蛋白質(zhì)。多年來科學(xué)家一直在有袋動物體內(nèi)尋找microRNA基因,,此次是首次發(fā)現(xiàn),。”
他表示,這一microRNA結(jié)構(gòu)與人類及小鼠的完全相同,,但沒有證據(jù)表明在親緣關(guān)系更遠(yuǎn)的鴨嘴獸身上也具有這一基因或類似的microRNA,。
論文另一位合作者、墨爾本大學(xué)的Geoffrey Shaw說:“了解基因印記的進(jìn)化非常重要,,它能幫助我們確定這一機(jī)制的運行方式以及我們該采取哪些措施來避免許多人類疾病的發(fā)生,。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Nature Genetics,doi:10.1038/ng.168,,Guillaume Smits,,Ian Dunham
Conservation of the H19 noncoding RNA and H19-IGF2 imprinting mechanism in therians
Guillaume Smits1,9, Andrew J Mungall2,9, Sam Griffiths-Jones3, Paul Smith1, Delphine Beury1, Lucy Matthews2, Jane Rogers2, Andrew J Pask4, Geoff Shaw4, John L VandeBerg5, John R McCarrey6, the SAVOIR Consortium8, Marilyn B Renfree4, Wolf Reik1 & Ian Dunham2,7
Abstract
Comparisons between eutherians and marsupials suggest limited conservation of the molecular mechanisms that control genomic imprinting in mammals. We have studied the evolution of the imprinted IGF2-H19 locus in therians. Although marsupial orthologs of protein-coding exons were easily identified, the use of evolutionarily conserved regions and low-stringency Bl2seq comparisons was required to delineate a candidate H19 noncoding RNA sequence. The therian H19 orthologs show miR-675 and exon structure conservation, suggesting functional selection on both features. Transcription start site sequences and poly(A) signals are also conserved. As in eutherians, marsupial H19 is maternally expressed and paternal methylation upstream of the gene originates in the male germline, encompasses a CTCF insulator, and spreads somatically into the H19 gene. The conservation in all therians of the mechanism controlling imprinting of the IGF2-H19 locus suggests a sequential model of imprinting evolution.