眾所周知,,由于6500萬(wàn)年前發(fā)生的“K-T滅絕事件”,包括恐龍?jiān)趦?nèi)的一大批地球生物滅絕了,。過(guò)了大約1000萬(wàn)年時(shí)間,,殘存的哺乳動(dòng)物祖先繁盛起來(lái),占據(jù)了統(tǒng)治地位,。不過(guò),,最近法國(guó)科學(xué)家宣稱,他們找到了目前已知最古老的大象的祖先,。它生活在大約6000萬(wàn)年前,,將哺乳動(dòng)物繁盛的時(shí)間向前推進(jìn)了500萬(wàn)年。當(dāng)然,,這些“大象”一點(diǎn)都不大,,它們個(gè)頭與兔子相似。
這次發(fā)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)物是新屬新種,,學(xué)名叫Eritherium azzouzorum,。這是已知最古老的長(zhǎng)鼻目動(dòng)物??脊艑W(xué)家吉爾布朗特(Emmanuel Gheerbrant)在摩洛哥東部盆地的上古新統(tǒng)地層中發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個(gè)動(dòng)物的頭骨,。
大象包括非洲象和亞洲象,是長(zhǎng)鼻目目前僅存的兩個(gè)物種,。它們也是目前地球上最大的陸生動(dòng)物,。通常認(rèn)為,長(zhǎng)鼻目的祖先可能出現(xiàn)在大約5500萬(wàn)年到6500萬(wàn)年前的古新世,,它們也是已知最早出現(xiàn)的哺乳動(dòng)物之一,。
而發(fā)現(xiàn)的這種動(dòng)物,形態(tài)只有兔子大小,,那如何判斷它是現(xiàn)代大象的祖先呢?吉爾布朗特說(shuō),,這個(gè)動(dòng)物最主要的信息可以從它的牙齒上看到:它的兩顆下排前牙從下顎伸出來(lái),,這和那個(gè)時(shí)候的其他動(dòng)物的牙齒形態(tài)很不一樣。吉爾布朗特認(rèn)為,,這正是現(xiàn)代大象的長(zhǎng)牙的初期形態(tài),。
從頭骨碎片來(lái)看,科學(xué)家認(rèn)為這種大象始祖從頭到尾頂多不過(guò)5分米長(zhǎng),,僅僅比兔子略大而已,,體重估計(jì)只有四五千克,。相關(guān)研究發(fā)表在最近一期的《美國(guó)科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)》。
因?yàn)樾掳l(fā)現(xiàn)只有頭骨和下顎的碎片,,所以目前還沒有足夠的證據(jù)能猜測(cè)出這種動(dòng)物到底長(zhǎng)成什么樣,。吉爾布朗特說(shuō),6000萬(wàn)年前,,非洲植被茂密,,也沒有與亞歐大陸接合在一起。這個(gè)出于隔離狀態(tài)地方成了生物演化的特區(qū),。這種長(zhǎng)鼻目動(dòng)物緊跟恐龍的腳步而來(lái),,顯示那個(gè)時(shí)期肯定還有更多的哺乳動(dòng)物等待被發(fā)現(xiàn)。因此,,科學(xué)家需要尋找更多的化石,,才能真正揭開這個(gè)哺乳動(dòng)物大行其道的時(shí)代的幕布。
這個(gè)兔子大小的長(zhǎng)鼻目動(dòng)物的意義很大,,因?yàn)樗o了科學(xué)家新的線索,,得以重新判斷,恐龍滅絕后到底多久地球才進(jìn)入了“哺乳動(dòng)物時(shí)代”,。此前科學(xué)界普遍認(rèn)為,,6500萬(wàn)年前恐龍滅絕,隨后哺乳動(dòng)物的演化加速,。但哺乳動(dòng)物真正開始統(tǒng)治世界還是在恐龍滅絕1000萬(wàn)年到1500萬(wàn)年以后的事,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
PNAS June 30, 2009 vol. 106 no. 26 10717-10721
Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates
Emmanuel Gheerbrant,1
Unité Mixte de Recherche 7207, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements, Case 38, Département Histoire de la Terre, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 8, Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
Elephants are the only living representatives of the Proboscidea, a formerly diverse mammalian order whose history began with the 55-million years (mys) old Phosphatherium. Reported here is the discovery from the early late Paleocene of Morocco, ca. 60 mys, of the oldest and most primitive elephant relative, Eritherium azzouzorum n.g., n.sp., which is one of the earliest known representatives of modern placental orders. This well supported stem proboscidean is extraordinarily primitive and condylarth-like. It provides the first dental evidence of a resemblance between the proboscideans and African ungulates (paenungulates) on the one hand and the louisinines and early macroscelideans on the other. Eritherium illustrates the origin of the elephant order at a previously unknown primitive stage among paenungulates and “ungulates.” The primitive morphology of Eritherium suggests a recent and rapid paenungulate radiation after the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, probably favoured by early endemic African paleoecosystems. At a broader scale, Eritherium provides a new old calibration point of the placental tree and supports an explosive placental radiation. The Ouled Abdoun basin, which yields the oldest known African placentals, is a key locality for elucidating phylogeny and early evolution of paenungulates and other related endemic African lineages.