美國猶他大學(xué)科學(xué)家近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),大約120萬年當(dāng)人類祖先開始在非洲,、歐洲和亞洲等地繁衍時,,總共大約只有18500人擁有繁殖能力,至多不超過26000人,。因此,,他們也成為當(dāng)時的較小種群,屬于瀕危物種之一,。人類祖先的這種瀕危狀態(tài)甚至一直持續(xù)了大約100萬年,。
據(jù)科學(xué)家介紹,當(dāng)時的人類生存狀況和人口數(shù)量與如今的大猩猩和黑猩猩有些相似,。眾所周知,,我們?nèi)祟惾缃竦娜丝跀?shù)量極為龐大,比其他靈長類動物要多得多,。但是,,事實上人類的遺傳變異要比其他靈長類動物少得多。
對于這個奇怪的現(xiàn)象,,一些專門研究具體基因系統(tǒng)問題的科學(xué)家提出了許多種解釋,,比如最近提出的“瓶頸事件”理論。在這些所謂的“瓶頸事件”中,,人類出現(xiàn)大規(guī)模死亡或無法繁衍現(xiàn)象,,其中一樁事件就是發(fā)生于大約7萬年前的印度尼西亞多巴超級火山大爆發(fā)。據(jù)估計,,當(dāng)時只有1.5萬人幸存,。另一種解釋是,在過去200萬年中人類祖先的出生率長期偏低,,有時甚至只有1萬人能夠成功繁衍后代,。
科學(xué)家們的最新研究關(guān)注的是整個基因組,,而非先前研究工作所關(guān)注的具體基因系統(tǒng)。遺傳學(xué)家采用最新的DNA遺傳標(biāo)志研究方法,,不僅能研究現(xiàn)代人類的基因,,也能研究我們?nèi)祟愖嫦鹊幕颍鐤|亞直立人(他們被認(rèn)為最有可能是人類的直接祖先),、匠人以及早期智人等。值得注意的是,,遺傳學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),,只要有兩個人類DNA序列信息,就足以估算出古代的人口規(guī)模,。
人類遺傳學(xué)家林·約德和同事們研究了部分含有可移動元素(被稱為Alu序列)的基因,,這些元素是隨機插入到基因組中的約300個堿基對的DNA 長條的各個部分。這是一個罕見的現(xiàn)象,,但是一旦這些元素被插入,,它們會作為一種遺傳標(biāo)志保留在后代人的身上。此外,,研究人員還對現(xiàn)代人的兩個基因中Alu標(biāo)志附近的DNA突變現(xiàn)象進行了研究,,這兩個基因已經(jīng)被完全排序。在含有Alu序列的較老的一組中,,研究人中發(fā)現(xiàn)了更多的突變現(xiàn)象,,這是因為它們存在的時間相對更長。研究人員運用了核苷酸多樣性方法估算了該基因的年齡,。然后,,他們又將這些區(qū)域進行了整體差異性對比,以估算不同時期人口規(guī)模大小的差異,,以及現(xiàn)代人類與人類祖先的遺傳差異性,。
通過這些研究,科學(xué)家們計算出,,人類的早期祖先比現(xiàn)代人更具遺傳多樣性,。他們也同時得出結(jié)論,大約在100萬年前,,至少發(fā)生過一次像多巴火山爆發(fā)一樣的災(zāi)難性事件,,這一事件幾乎毀滅了當(dāng)時所有物種。約德認(rèn)為,,人類和人類的祖先已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了人口數(shù)量龐大與面臨瀕危之間的周期循環(huán),。
科學(xué)家們的研究成果1月19日發(fā)表在美國《國家科學(xué)院院刊》(PNAS)上。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
PNAS January 19, 2010, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0909000107
Mobile elements reveal small population size in the ancient ancestors of Homo sapiens
Chad D. Huffa, Jinchuan Xinga, Alan R. Rogersb, David Witherspoona, and Lynn B. Jordea,1
aDepartment of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, and
bDepartment of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
The genealogies of different genetic loci vary in depth. The deeper the genealogy, the greater the chance that it will include a rare event, such as the insertion of a mobile element. Therefore, the genealogy of a region that contains a mobile element is on average older than that of the rest of the genome. In a simple demographic model, the expected time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) is doubled if a rare insertion is present. We test this expectation by examining single nucleotide polymorphisms around polymorphic Alu insertions from two completely sequenced human genomes. The estimated TMRCA for regions containing a polymorphic insertion is two times larger than the genomic average (P < <10?30), as predicted. Because genealogies that contain polymorphic mobile elements are old, they are shaped largely by the forces of ancient population history and are insensitive to recent demographic events, such as bottlenecks and expansions. Remarkably, the information in just two human DNA sequences provides substantial information about ancient human population size. By comparing the likelihood of various demographic models, we estimate that the effective population size of human ancestors living before 1.2 million years ago was 18,500, and we can reject all models where the ancient effective population size was larger than 26,000. This result implies an unusually small population for a species spread across the entire Old World, particularly in light of the effective population sizes of chimpanzees (21,000) and gorillas (25,000), which each inhabit only one part of a single continent.