作為陸地脊椎動(dòng)物的祖先,遠(yuǎn)古魚類的演化與四足動(dòng)物的起源,、人類的由來密切相關(guān),,而帶骨在有頜脊椎動(dòng)物的演化過程中經(jīng)歷了顯著的變化——從魚類演化到四足動(dòng)物,鰭退化,,四肢出現(xiàn),,帶骨的功能也逐漸增強(qiáng)。
中科院古脊椎所研究員朱敏等人通過對夢幻鬼魚和斑鱗魚這兩種早期魚類的腰帶演化進(jìn)行研究,,在國際上首次揭示了硬骨魚綱的外骨骼腰帶結(jié)構(gòu),。4月3日,相關(guān)成果發(fā)表在最新一期的《公共科學(xué)圖書館—綜合》上,。
目前人們已知的是,,魚類有兩對偶鰭,適于在水中游動(dòng),,而陸地脊椎動(dòng)物的四肢就是由魚類偶鰭演化而來,。四肢通過帶骨、肌肉,、韌帶等構(gòu)造與脊柱連接,,其中身體前部的帶骨為肩帶,后部為腰帶,。
作為有頜脊椎動(dòng)物的典型特征,,長期以來,,帶骨的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能是學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)注的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。例如,,根據(jù)腰帶的不同形態(tài),,恐龍被劃分為蜥臀類和鳥臀類,而人類的直立行走也伴隨著腰帶結(jié)構(gòu)的相應(yīng)改變,。
一般認(rèn)為,,腰帶與肩帶為系列同源關(guān)系。然而,,從現(xiàn)生硬骨魚綱(包括輻鰭魚類,、肺魚類、空棘魚類以及所有陸地脊椎動(dòng)物)的發(fā)育上看,,肩帶是復(fù)合來源,,既有來源于內(nèi)骨骼的肩胛烏喙骨,也有來源于外骨骼的匙骨,、鎖骨等,。與之形成鮮明對照的是,硬骨魚綱的腰帶無一例外都是內(nèi)骨骼來源,,沒有外骨骼成分的加入,。
這種差異反映了具有系列同源關(guān)系的兩組構(gòu)造遵循著不同的演化路線,那么它們是從演化樹的哪個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)開始分道揚(yáng)鑣的呢,?這一問題僅憑對現(xiàn)生生物的研究已無法回答,。
同時(shí),遺憾的是,,迄今為止已發(fā)現(xiàn)的魚類化石,,存在很多“缺陷”。根據(jù)化石記錄很難推測硬骨魚綱腰帶的來源,,并直接影響到相關(guān)問題的探討,。
隨著我國近年來斑鱗魚、無孔魚,、蝶柱魚,、夢幻鬼魚等一系列化石的發(fā)現(xiàn),硬骨魚綱起源與早期演化研究被不斷注入新的活力,。
尤其是具有傳奇色彩的夢幻鬼魚化石,,代表著魚類演化的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵性節(jié)點(diǎn)。在2009年化石傳世前,,這種形態(tài)的魚只出現(xiàn)在學(xué)者對“生命演化路線”的構(gòu)想中,,夢幻鬼魚的出現(xiàn),證實(shí)了以往人們對演化的構(gòu)想,。
為揭示早期硬骨魚類腰帶的結(jié)構(gòu),,近年來,,朱敏等人對夢幻鬼魚和斑鱗魚材料進(jìn)行了重新研究,并多次開展新的野外發(fā)掘,。終于在2010年,,他們又發(fā)現(xiàn)了一件保存完好的夢幻鬼魚新標(biāo)本。
該標(biāo)本雖然頭部缺失,,但是頭后部分保存十分精美,。新標(biāo)本的肩帶保存了兩側(cè)的匙骨、鎖骨以及一件菱形的間鎖骨,。與斑鱗魚相同,,夢幻鬼魚發(fā)育的肩胛烏喙骨緊附于匙骨內(nèi)側(cè)面。
引人注目的是,,鬼魚新標(biāo)本上具有一件腹視的右側(cè)腰帶外骨骼,呈自然狀態(tài)保存,?;趯眙~腰帶外骨骼的認(rèn)識(shí),朱敏等人對斑鱗魚頭后骨骼進(jìn)行了重新整理,,發(fā)現(xiàn)了與鬼魚腰帶外骨骼相似的骨片,,并且內(nèi)側(cè)與其愈合的內(nèi)骨骼上還具有與肩帶相似的復(fù)基鰭關(guān)節(jié)。這表明斑鱗魚的腰帶與肩帶結(jié)構(gòu)相似,,也說明鬼魚的腰帶很可能同樣具有復(fù)基鰭關(guān)節(jié),。
在此之前,國際學(xué)術(shù)界普遍認(rèn)為,,硬骨魚綱的腰帶與肩帶結(jié)構(gòu)不同、不具有外骨骼成分,。這一最新的研究成果,,則改變了學(xué)界對魚類帶骨演化的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn),為研究有頜類的早期分化,、探討腰帶與肩帶在發(fā)育上的同源關(guān)系,,提供了新的重要資料。(生物谷 bioon.com)
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035103
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Fossil Fishes from China Provide First Evidence of Dermal Pelvic Girdles in Osteichthyans
Min Zhu, Xiaobo Yu, Brian Choo, Qingming Qu, Liantao Jia, Wenjin Zhao, Tuo Qiao, Jing Lu
Background The pectoral and pelvic girdles support paired fins and limbs, and have transformed significantly in the diversification of gnathostomes or jawed vertebrates (including osteichthyans, chondrichthyans, acanthodians and placoderms). For instance, changes in the pectoral and pelvic girdles accompanied the transition of fins to limbs as some osteichthyans (a clade that contains the vast majority of vertebrates – bony fishes and tetrapods) ventured from aquatic to terrestrial environments. The fossil record shows that the pectoral girdles of early osteichthyans (e.g., Lophosteus, Andreolepis, Psarolepis and Guiyu) retained part of the primitive gnathostome pectoral girdle condition with spines and/or other dermal components. However, very little is known about the condition of the pelvic girdle in the earliest osteichthyans. Living osteichthyans, like chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes), have exclusively endoskeletal pelvic girdles, while dermal pelvic girdle components (plates and/or spines) have so far been found only in some extinct placoderms and acanthodians. Consequently, whether the pectoral and pelvic girdles are primitively similar in osteichthyans cannot be adequately evaluated, and phylogeny-based inferences regarding the primitive pelvic girdle condition in osteichthyans cannot be tested against available fossil evidence. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we report the first discovery of spine-bearing dermal pelvic girdles in early osteichthyans, based on a new articulated specimen of Guiyu oneiros from the Late Ludlow (Silurian) Kuanti Formation, Yunnan, as well as a re-examination of the previously described holotype. We also describe disarticulated pelvic girdles of Psarolepis romeri from the Lochkovian (Early Devonian) Xitun Formation, Yunnan, which resemble the previously reported pectoral girdles in having integrated dermal and endoskeletal components with polybasal fin articulation. Conclusions/Significance The new findings reveal hitherto unknown similarity in pectoral and pelvic girdles among early osteichthyans, and provide critical information for studying the evolution of pelvic girdles in osteichthyans and other gnathostomes.