多倍化是植物中的一個(gè)普遍現(xiàn)象,,其在被子植物多樣性的產(chǎn)生和維持中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,。近期研究表明,,所有被子植物在其進(jìn)化歷史過程中都經(jīng)歷了多倍化的過程。和祖先二被體相比,,多倍體在一些重要性狀上都產(chǎn)生了顯著差異,,如繁育系統(tǒng)、生態(tài)忍耐性,、生長速率,、傳粉者、植食動(dòng)物,、適應(yīng)性等,,這些差異可能對(duì)植物的遺傳變異、生活史,、生理特性,、地理分布等產(chǎn)生影響,從而使多倍體能適應(yīng)不同的環(huán)境,,分布到更廣的范圍,,并和二倍體祖先產(chǎn)生生殖隔離,,因此多倍化是植物產(chǎn)生適應(yīng)輻射和物種形成的重要機(jī)制。
毛姜花
姜科毛姜花(Hedychium villosum Wallich in Roxburgh)為1820年發(fā)表的新種,,70多年后的1892年,,發(fā)表了其變種小毛姜花(H. villosum var. tenuiflorum Wallich ex Baker),原毛姜花作為原變種來處理為H. villosum var. villosum,,2變種的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在于原變種的小苞片,、花冠裂片、側(cè)生退化雄蕊和唇瓣都比小毛姜花的大,,原變種廣泛分布于印度,、緬甸、尼泊爾,、柬埔寨,、泰國、越南和我國的廣東,、海南,、廣西、云南,,而小毛姜花僅記載分布于印度和我國云南的西雙版納地區(qū),。
中科院西雙版納熱帶植物園研究人員近期的研究表明,小毛姜花為二倍體(2n=34),,而毛姜花為四倍體(2n=68),,雖然2個(gè)變種的花在形態(tài)上沒有差異,但四倍體毛姜花的植株,、葉和花都顯著大于二倍體小毛姜花,。2個(gè)變種具有完全不同的地理分布范圍和生境,四倍體毛姜花在我國廣泛分布于海南,、廣東,、廣西、云南和西藏,,具有多樣化的生境,,而二倍體小毛姜花僅分布于西雙版納石灰山一帶的狹窄區(qū)域,附生于山頂?shù)膸r石上,。同時(shí),,四倍體毛姜花花期為2月底至4月初,而二倍體小毛姜花為9月底至11月中旬,,完全實(shí)現(xiàn)了生殖隔離,。因此,科研人員也建議把2個(gè)變種作為2個(gè)獨(dú)立的種,分別處理為毛姜花H. villosum和小毛姜花H. tenuiflorum (Bak.) K. Schum.(Fei Yu et al.,, 2010),。在對(duì)2個(gè)種的繁殖生態(tài)學(xué)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),2個(gè)種在花壽命,、開花時(shí)間,、傳粉者、繁育系統(tǒng)等方面產(chǎn)生了顯著差異,,四倍體毛姜花具有較長的花壽命,,分泌較多的花蜜,每個(gè)花序具有較多的花和更多種類的傳粉者,;二倍體小毛姜花為自交不親和,,而四倍體毛姜花則是完全自交親和。多倍化使得四倍體毛姜花能夠占領(lǐng)新的生境,,分布到更廣的范圍,。多倍化在姜花屬植物從熱帶地區(qū)到高海拔地區(qū)的擴(kuò)散分布中也許起到重要作用。
相關(guān)研究結(jié)果以The comparative reproductive biology of a tetraploid species,, Hedychium villosum, and its diploid progenitor H. tenuiflorum (Zingiberaceae)為題發(fā)表在Plant Biology上(生物谷Bioon.com),。
生物谷推薦的英文摘要
Plant Biology DOI: 10.1111/plb.12080
The comparative reproductive biology of a tetraploid species,, Hedychium villosum, and its diploid progenitor H. tenuiflorum (Zingiberaceae)
J. Y. Gao*,, Q. Liu,, Q. J. Li
The evolutionary advantages of polyploidy may result from a number of changes in floral traits and breeding system, which may enable polyploids to exploit new habitats and become widespread. In this study,, we comparatively investigated the floral biology of the tetraploid species Hedychium villosum and its diploid progenitor H. tenuiflorum,, to assess reproductive divergence between the two species. The results showed that flowers of the tetraploid species last longer and produce more nectar than did diploid species. The flowering times of the two species did not overlap at all. Observations of floral visitors in natural populations demonstrated that butterflies and hawkmoths were effective pollinators of both species, but there was a significant difference in butterfly and hawkmoth assemblages between the two species. The hand-pollination experiments and pollen tube growth experiments suggested that diploid H. tenuiflorum was self-incompatible,, while tetraploid H. villosum was completely self-compatible. H. villosum has a much wider distribution range and occupies more diverse habitats than H. tenuiflorum. Polyploidisation may enable tetraploid H. villosum to exploit new habitats previously unavailable to diploid H. tenuiflorum.