圖片說明:我們使用不同的大腦區(qū)域來推斷與我們相似或不相似的人的看法,。
(圖片來源:Nature)
復(fù)雜世界,,人心莫測。但是與人交往卻又無可避免,,那么我們在交往過程中怎樣察言觀色,、弄清別人的想法?美國科學(xué)家近日研究揭示,,當(dāng)我們評判與我們相似的人的想法時,,動用的是考慮我們自己時所用的大腦區(qū)域;而當(dāng)判斷與我們不相似的人的看法與感覺時,,這一大腦區(qū)域并沒有被包括在內(nèi),。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著,我們更容易依賴成見(stereotyping)來評價別人,,更容易“認(rèn)”人唯“親”,,而這有可能解釋了種族歧視和宗教爭論等社會緊張事件的成因。相關(guān)論文3月17日在線發(fā)表于美國《國家科學(xué)院院刊》(PNAS)上,。
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)此次研究的是美國哈佛大學(xué)的神經(jīng)學(xué)家Adrianna Jenkins,。她和同事研究了大腦腹內(nèi)側(cè)前額皮質(zhì)(vMPFC)區(qū)域,當(dāng)一個人考慮自身時,,該區(qū)域就會表現(xiàn)出活性,。
研究人員向?qū)嶒炛驹刚哒故九c他們相似或不相似的人的照片和描述,并讓志愿者回答一系列問題,,最后讓他們推測這些假想人的反應(yīng),。結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)判斷背景與自己相似的人的看法時,,志愿者的vMPFC區(qū)域表現(xiàn)出活性,;而當(dāng)考慮不相似的人的看法時,這一區(qū)域并沒有表現(xiàn)出活動跡象,。
Jenkins認(rèn)為,,這一結(jié)果表明一切取決于我們是否認(rèn)同于別人。也就是說,,我們判斷別人態(tài)度的方式完全依賴于我們感覺自己與他們有多大的相關(guān)性,。她說:“當(dāng)你感覺別人與你越相像,你對他們就會有更多的移情作用,。而對于與我們不同的人,,我們可能認(rèn)為他們具有較少的‘人性’,。”
研究人員表示,,雖然此次研究中所涉及的問題都是非政治化的,,但對于理解一些因相互差異而導(dǎo)致的社會沖突還是具有幫助的。Jenkins表示,,心理學(xué)理論認(rèn)為,,人們有時僅僅依靠社會假想來推斷別人的想法,而這有可能就是導(dǎo)致種族沖突和宗教緊張的原因,。
Jenkins和同事接下來還將在不同種族的人之間進行這一實驗,,看看是否能得到相同的結(jié)果。不過不管怎樣,,與那些和自己不同的人建立強的移情作用還是可能的,。Jenkins另外的研究表明,只要簡單地花上5分鐘用第一人稱描寫他們,,你就能對他們感同身受,。這也意味著,只要努力嘗試,,你就確實能夠了解別人的想法,。(科學(xué)網(wǎng) 梅進/編譯)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
(PNAS),doi:10.1073/pnas.0708785105,,Adrianna C. Jenkins,,Jason P. Mitchell
Repetition suppression of ventromedial prefrontal activity during judgments of self and others
Adrianna C. Jenkins*,, C. Neil Macrae, and Jason P. Mitchell*
*Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; and School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2UB, United Kingdom
Edited by Edward E. Smith, Columbia University, New York, NY, and approved January 31, 2008 (received for review September 15, 2007)
Abstract
One useful strategy for inferring others' mental states (i.e., mentalizing) may be to use one's own thoughts, feelings, and desires as a proxy for those of other people. Such self-referential accounts of social cognition are supported by recent neuroimaging observations that a single brain region, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC), is engaged both by tasks that require introspections about self and by tasks that require inferences about the minds of others perceived to be similar to self. To test whether people automatically refer to their own mental states when considering those of a similar other, we examined repetition-related suppression of vMPFC response during self-reflections that followed either an initial reflection about self or a judgment of another person. Consistent with the hypothesis that perceivers spontaneously engage in self-referential processing when mentalizing about particular individuals, vMPFC response was suppressed when self-reflections followed either an initial reflection about self or a judgment of a similar, but not a dissimilar, other. These results suggest that thinking about the mind of another person may rely importantly on reference to one's own mental