圖片說(shuō)明:我們使用不同的大腦區(qū)域來(lái)推斷與我們相似或不相似的人的看法。
(圖片來(lái)源:Nature)
復(fù)雜世界,,人心莫測(cè)。但是與人交往卻又無(wú)可避免,,那么我們?cè)诮煌^(guò)程中怎樣察言觀色,、弄清別人的想法?美國(guó)科學(xué)家近日研究揭示,,當(dāng)我們?cè)u(píng)判與我們相似的人的想法時(shí),,動(dòng)用的是考慮我們自己時(shí)所用的大腦區(qū)域;而當(dāng)判斷與我們不相似的人的看法與感覺(jué)時(shí),,這一大腦區(qū)域并沒(méi)有被包括在內(nèi),。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著,,我們更容易依賴(lài)成見(jiàn)(stereotyping)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)別人,更容易“認(rèn)”人唯“親”,,而這有可能解釋了種族歧視和宗教爭(zhēng)論等社會(huì)緊張事件的成因,。相關(guān)論文3月17日在線發(fā)表于美國(guó)《國(guó)家科學(xué)院院刊》(PNAS)上。
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)此次研究的是美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)的神經(jīng)學(xué)家Adrianna Jenkins,。她和同事研究了大腦腹內(nèi)側(cè)前額皮質(zhì)(vMPFC)區(qū)域,,當(dāng)一個(gè)人考慮自身時(shí),該區(qū)域就會(huì)表現(xiàn)出活性,。
研究人員向?qū)嶒?yàn)志愿者展示與他們相似或不相似的人的照片和描述,,并讓志愿者回答一系列問(wèn)題,最后讓他們推測(cè)這些假想人的反應(yīng),。結(jié)果顯示,,當(dāng)判斷背景與自己相似的人的看法時(shí),志愿者的vMPFC區(qū)域表現(xiàn)出活性,;而當(dāng)考慮不相似的人的看法時(shí),,這一區(qū)域并沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出活動(dòng)跡象。
Jenkins認(rèn)為,,這一結(jié)果表明一切取決于我們是否認(rèn)同于別人,。也就是說(shuō),我們判斷別人態(tài)度的方式完全依賴(lài)于我們感覺(jué)自己與他們有多大的相關(guān)性,。她說(shuō):“當(dāng)你感覺(jué)別人與你越相像,,你對(duì)他們就會(huì)有更多的移情作用,。而對(duì)于與我們不同的人,,我們可能認(rèn)為他們具有較少的‘人性’。”
研究人員表示,,雖然此次研究中所涉及的問(wèn)題都是非政治化的,,但對(duì)于理解一些因相互差異而導(dǎo)致的社會(huì)沖突還是具有幫助的。Jenkins表示,,心理學(xué)理論認(rèn)為,,人們有時(shí)僅僅依靠社會(huì)假想來(lái)推斷別人的想法,而這有可能就是導(dǎo)致種族沖突和宗教緊張的原因,。
Jenkins和同事接下來(lái)還將在不同種族的人之間進(jìn)行這一實(shí)驗(yàn),,看看是否能得到相同的結(jié)果。不過(guò)不管怎樣,,與那些和自己不同的人建立強(qiáng)的移情作用還是可能的,。Jenkins另外的研究表明,只要簡(jiǎn)單地花上5分鐘用第一人稱(chēng)描寫(xiě)他們,,你就能對(duì)他們感同身受,。這也意味著,,只要努力嘗試,你就確實(shí)能夠了解別人的想法,。(科學(xué)網(wǎng) 梅進(jìn)/編譯)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
(PNAS),,doi:10.1073/pnas.0708785105,Adrianna C. Jenkins,,Jason P. Mitchell
Repetition suppression of ventromedial prefrontal activity during judgments of self and others
Adrianna C. Jenkins*,, C. Neil Macrae, and Jason P. Mitchell*
*Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; and School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2UB, United Kingdom
Edited by Edward E. Smith, Columbia University, New York, NY, and approved January 31, 2008 (received for review September 15, 2007)
Abstract
One useful strategy for inferring others' mental states (i.e., mentalizing) may be to use one's own thoughts, feelings, and desires as a proxy for those of other people. Such self-referential accounts of social cognition are supported by recent neuroimaging observations that a single brain region, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC), is engaged both by tasks that require introspections about self and by tasks that require inferences about the minds of others perceived to be similar to self. To test whether people automatically refer to their own mental states when considering those of a similar other, we examined repetition-related suppression of vMPFC response during self-reflections that followed either an initial reflection about self or a judgment of another person. Consistent with the hypothesis that perceivers spontaneously engage in self-referential processing when mentalizing about particular individuals, vMPFC response was suppressed when self-reflections followed either an initial reflection about self or a judgment of a similar, but not a dissimilar, other. These results suggest that thinking about the mind of another person may rely importantly on reference to one's own mental