與昆蟲,、甲殼類、寄生蟲和真菌相關(guān)的抗原,，構(gòu)成與人類的過敏和哮喘相關(guān)環(huán)境抗原的相當(dāng)大的一部分,。然而，將這些廣泛分布的抗原聯(lián)系起來的共同元素卻仍然不知道,。角素（chitin）也許是一大罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。它是自然界第二種最豐富的聚合物，為無數(shù)細(xì)胞壁和剛性外骨骼提供滲透穩(wěn)定性和張力?，F(xiàn)在,，Reese等人發(fā)現(xiàn)，用角素處理過的小鼠會(huì)產(chǎn)生過敏反應(yīng),，特征是表達(dá)先天免疫細(xì)胞的白介素-4的積聚,。用幾丁質(zhì)酶（或稱甲殼質(zhì)酶、殼多糖酶）處理后,，這種反應(yīng)會(huì)消失,。在角素含量較高的環(huán)境（如甲殼類動(dòng)物加工廠）中工作的人哮喘發(fā)病率較高，說明這一通道在人類過敏疾病的發(fā)病中也可能扮演一個(gè)角色,。
英文原文：
Nature 447, 92-96 (3 May 2007) | doi:10.1038/nature05746; Received 30 January 2007; Accepted 13 March 2007; Published online 22 April 2007
Chitin induces accumulation in tissue of innate immune cells associated with allergy
Tiffany A. Reese1, Hong-Erh Liang1, Andrew M. Tager2, Andrew D. Luster2, Nico Van Rooijen3, David Voehringer1,4 & Richard M. Locksley1
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Centre for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit, 1091 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Present address: Institute for Immunology, University of Munich, Munich D-80336, Germany.
Correspondence to: Richard M. Locksley1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to R.M.L. (Email: [email protected]).
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Allergic and parasitic worm immunity is characterized by infiltration of tissues with interleukin (IL)-4- and IL-13-expressing cells, including T-helper-2 cells, eosinophils and basophils1. Tissue macrophages assume a distinct phenotype, designated alternatively activated macrophages2. Relatively little is known about the factors that trigger these host responses. Chitin, a widespread environmental biopolymer of N-acetyl--d-glucosamine, provides structural rigidity to fungi, crustaceans, helminths and insects3. Here, we show that chitin induces the accumulation in tissue of IL-4-expressing innate immune cells, including eosinophils and basophils, when given to mice. Tissue infiltration was unaffected by the absence of Toll-like-receptor-mediated lipopolysaccharide recognition but did not occur if the injected chitin was pre-treated with the IL-4- and IL-13-inducible mammalian chitinase, AMCase4, or if the chitin was injected into mice that overexpressed AMCase. Chitin mediated alternative macrophage activation in vivo and the production of leukotriene B4, which was required for optimal immune cell recruitment. Chitin is a recognition element for tissue infiltration by innate cells implicated in allergic and helminth immunity and this process can be negatively regulated by a vertebrate chitinase.
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